Settling the Debate Is Anthropology a Science

Is anthropology a science or one of the humanities? Thats a long-running debate in anthropological circles with a complex answer. Thats in part because anthropology is a large umbrella term covering four major subdisciplines (cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics); and because science is a loaded term that can be interpreted as exclusionary. A study is not science unless you are trying to resolve a testable hypothesis, or so it has been defined.   Key Takeaways: Is Anthropology a Science? Anthropology is a large umbrella term including four fields: linguistics, archaeology, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology.Modern research methods more commonly include testable hypotheses than they do in the past.All forms of the discipline continue to include aspects of non-testable investigations.Anthropology today stands at the conjunction of science and the humanities. Why the Debate Arose In 2010, the debate in anthropology bled out to the world (reported in both Gawker and The New York Times) in general because of a word change in the purpose statement of the long-range plans of the leading anthropological society in the United States, the American Anthropological Association.   In 2009, the statement read in part:   The purposes of the Association shall be to advance anthropology as the science that studies humankind in all its aspects. (AAA Long-Range Plan, Feb 13, 2009) In 2010 the sentence was changed in part to:   The purposes of the Association shall be to advance public understanding of humankind in all its aspects. (AAA Long-Range Plan, Dec 10, 2010) and the officers of the AAA commented that they altered the wording to address the changing composition of the profession and the needs of the AAA membership... replacing the word science with a more specific (and inclusive) list of research domains. Partly because of the media attention, the membership responded to the changes, and, by the end of 2011, the AAA had put back the word science and added the following verbiage which still stands in their current long-range plans statement: The strength of Anthropology lies in its distinctive position at the nexus of the sciences and humanities, its global perspective, its attention to the past and the present, and its commitment to both research and practice. (AAA Long-Range Plan, Oct 14, 2011) Defining Science and Humanity In 2010, the debate in anthropology was just the most visible of a cultural divide among scholars in pedagogy, a seemingly sharp and impassible split that existed between the humanities and science.   Traditionally, the main difference is that humanities, or so says the Oxford English Dictionary, are based on the interpretation of texts and artifacts, rather than experimental or quantitative methods. By contrast, sciences deal with demonstrated truths which are systematically classified and follow general laws, found by the scientific method and incorporating falsifiable hypotheses.  Modern methods of research today often do both, bringing analytical methods into what was once purely humanities; and human behavioral aspects into what was once purely science. A Hierarchy of Sciences French philosopher and science historian Auguste Comte (1798–1857) started down this path by  suggesting that the different scientific disciplines could be sorted out systematically in a Hierarchy of Science (HoS) in terms of their complexity and generality of their subject of study. Comte ranked sciences in descending order of complexity as measured on different levels of empiricism.   celestial physics (such as astronomy)terrestrial physics (physics and chemistry)  organic physics (biology)social physics (sociology)   Twenty-first-century researchers seem to agree that there is at least an understood hierarchy of science, that scientific research falls into three broad categories:   Physical science  Biological scienceSocial science These categories are based on the perceived hardness of the research–the extent to which research questions are based on data and theories as opposed to non-cognitive factors. Finding Todays Hierarchy of Science Several scholars have tried to find out how those categories are separated and whether there is any definition of science that excludes, say, the study of history, from being a science.   Thats funny–in both the peculiar and humorous sense–because no matter how empirical a study into such categories is, the results can only be based on human opinions. In other words, theres no hard-wired hierarchy of science, no underlying mathematical rule that sorts scholarly fields into buckets that arent culturally derived.   Statistician Daniele Fanelli gave it a shot in 2010, when he studied a large sample of published research in the three HoS categories, looking for papers that declared they had tested a hypothesis and reported a positive result. His theory was that the probability of a paper to report a positive result–that is to say, to prove a hypothesis was true–depends on   Whether the tested hypothesis is true or false;The logical/methodological rigor with which it is linked to empirical predictions and tested; and  The statistical power to detect the predicted pattern. What he found was that fields that fall into the perceived social science bucket indeed were statistically more likely to find a positive result: BUT it a matter of degree, rather than a clearly defined cut-off point.   Is Anthropology a Science? In todays world, research fields–certainly anthropology and likely other fields as well–are so cross-disciplinary, so nuanced and so interwoven as to be resistant to breaking down into neat categories. Each form of anthropology can be defined as a science or a humanity: linguistics that of language and its structure; cultural anthropology as that of human society and culture and its development; physical anthropology as that of humans as a biological species; and archaeology as the remains and monuments of the past. All of these fields cross over and discuss cultural aspects that may be unprovable hypotheses: the questions addressed include how do humans use language and artifacts, how do humans adapt to climate and evolutionary changes. The inescapable conclusion is that anthropology as a research field, perhaps just as acutely as any other field, stands at the intersection of the humanities and science. Sometimes its one, sometimes the other, sometimes, and maybe at the best of times, its both. If a label stops you from doing research, dont use it. Sources and Further Reading Douthwaite, Boru, et al. Blending â€Å"Hard† and â€Å"Soft† Science the â€Å"Follow-the-Technology† Approach to Catalyzing and Evaluating Technology Change. Conservation Ecology 5.2 (2002). Print.Fanelli, Daniele. Positive Results Increase Down the Hierarchy of the Sciences. PLOS ONE 5.4 (2010): e10068. Print.Franklin, Sarah. Science as Culture, Cultures of Science. Annual Review of Anthropology 24.1 (1995): 163–84. Print.Hedges, Larry V. How Hard Is Hard Science, How Soft Is Soft Science? The Empirical Cumulativeness of Research. American Psychologist 42.5 (1987): 443–55. Print.Prins, Ad A.M., et al. Using Google Scholar in Research Evaluation of Humanities and Social Science Programs: A Comparison with Web of Science Data. Research Evaluation 25.3 (2016): 264–70. Print.Stenseke, Marie, and Anne Larigauderie. The Role, Importance, and Challenges of Social Sciences and Humanities in the Work of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 31.sup1 (2018): S10–S14. Print.Storer, N. W. The Hard Sciences and the Soft: Some Sociological Observations. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 55.1 (1967): 75–84. Print.

Silencing the Noise by Moerman Essay Example

Essays on Silencing the Noise by Moerman Essay The paper "Silencing the Noise by Moerman" is a delightful example of an essay on finance and accounting. The failure to have internationally standardized accounting standards has allowed many organizations to exploit the accounting malleability loopholes, to avoid their legal and financial obligations related to asbestos manufacturing (Moerman and van der Laan, 2). Accounting inadequacies for the long-tail liabilities arising from the toxic asbestos operations have been found to have been noted in the USA, the UK and now in Australia, sending a message that there is still an increased danger of toxic exposure that needs to be addressed. The fact that asbestos gradually causes intoxication in the human body and can thus take several decades before the intoxication finally resurfaces has given the multinational organizations an opportunity to engage in manufacturing opportunities that uses asbestos, and then avoid the legal liability that comes with it (Moerman and van der Laan, 7). I nter-jurisdictional transfers of corporate entities has made it possible for such corporate entities to avoid their responsibilities in the past asbestos exposure claims, while at the same time allowing for tax inefficiencies through the repatriation of profits made in one jurisdiction to another jurisdiction where the corporate entity is newly re-established (Moerman and van der Laan, 3). It is this practice that has made accounting for the asbestos long-tail liability claims very complex.ViewpointAccounting for asbestos legal claims is complex, owing to the fact that the resurfacing of the asbestos side effects takes long, for example, a few decades, making it very hard for the organizations responsible to pay for such liability claims. This is because, the organizations are reorganizing and changing jurisdictions of their initial incorporation, such that the future claims that resurface will not be associated with such organizations. In this respect, there is a need to harmonize the inter-jurisdictional taxation and incorporation systems for organizations, so that such organizations cannot be able to change their jurisdictions of incorporation easily. This will make it difficult for such organizations to avoid their long-tail liabilities.

A Fairy Tale Essay Example For Students

A Fairy Tale Essay He knew that his first prey, the firebird, lived high up in the trees in the heart of the forest. Like lightening, they were hard to miss, and the piercing of its beak left a burn that could never be forgotten. Suddenly, the boy heard a shriek, and he whirled his head to see the blood-red bird swooping toward his face. Panicking, the boy lunged for the ground, and for the net that the wise man had given him. He hurled it at the bird and missed. The bird, angry, made another giant swoop at the boy and tore its flesh as it flew straight into the blade of the boys sword. That was one creature taken care of. His next target, the freezing spider, could be either much harder, or much easier, the boy knew not which. The spider could not run, or jump, unlike some of its relatives, but it was harder to find, and its poison froze the human blood and made its victims helpless, lying on the ground shivering until the arachnid finally took pity on his prey and ate it. He tried not to think abou t it.Instead the boy thought of ways to attract his prey; if he could get it to come to him, the killing would be easier and definitely much safer. The freezing spider would eat any kind of flesh it could, but it was well known that the spider loved most to eat the flesh of humans. Well, what should he do? Obviously bait was safer than waiting for an attack, so the boy pulled out his dagger and held it to his upper arm. That was when he saw the grey bristles of the freezing spider. It was sitting quietly on a nearby shrub, its back toward the boy. Holding back a sigh of relief, he took one quiet step toward his prey, holding the dagger high, and stabbed it through the spider before it knew what hit it. A little less active a kill than the firebird, but just as exhilarating. Now the only victim left in this task of the boys was the netherworld wolf, and what a creature. About the size of a pig, these dogs could tear up a man in two minutes flat, or so it was said. However, being the largest of the creatures made it the easiest target. All that the boy had to do was look. He took out his crossbow (he figured it was the weapon least likely to let the wolf draw blood), and moved on in search of the wolfs lair. This search took longer than the first two. The boy wandered for two days and two nights with nothing to show for his efforts. On the third night, he finally let himself sleep. As he stretched himself out on the cold ground, he felt himself drift into mysterious dreams. They didnt matter when he felt the pain. The boy awoke to find himself surrounded by a pack of netherworld wolves; they obviously had not officially started an attack, but one had definitely bitten into him to see how he tasted. The boy grabbed his crossbow from his side and fired wildly into space. This startled the wolves, but only made them more angry.However, in the half-second the wolves had spent watching the arrow, the boy had had time to aim, and shot a wolf in the heart. The others, now fearing for their lives, ran back to their lair, not to bother the boy again. He smiled. The first of his tasks was done, and hed come out of it in quite good condition. A bite in his side, but some water would take care of that. After about a quarter hour of walking, the boy reached a stream that he had found earlier in his journey. It was the one pure element of the forest, and it was how he had gotten water and food (he had eaten the leafy plants that grew along the side of it). The boy kneeled now and scooped up some of the cold, crystal fluid to clean his wound. He looked down to his left side to see a piece of paper sticking out of the mud. Strange, he thought. He picked it up. It was a map, like one that a pirate would have drawn. But how could a pirates map have gotten into the Forest of Mirth? The boy was thinking about this when something on the paper caught his eye. The cup of Alfred the Great! It was written right below the giant X at the bottom of the page! The boy stopped thinking of the maps origin and concentrated on what was written on the old, browned paper. Obviously the map showed the area he was in, because it had the forest and the nearby village on it. It was somewhere in between, right near the outskirts of the town that the X was drawn. Simple enough, said the boy to himself. I will follow the map until I find the cup. It shouldnt take me too long.and with that the boy was off. He walked for two days until he came to the edge of the forest. It was night then, and the boy looked at the stars. He found the North Star almost straight in front of him, as if beckoning him forward. The boy followed, all the while thankful that his father had taught him his directional skills when he was young. The map said to go two hundred paces North until he reached a giant rock, shaped like a skull. Two hundred and twenty-seven paces later, the boy found it. Wrapped around the rock was a giant snake. The boy had been warned about the snakes outside the Forest of Mirth. They had a great gift for persuasion, and when that didnt work, they could hypnotise a mortal into doing their bidding without question. Young one, he hissed, Come hither. The boy stared at the snake, but he would n ot move. You want the treasure, do you not, young one? asked the serpent in a tempting voice. Come hither and I will tell you a secret about this treasure. The boy finally spoke. You are too kind, good snake, but I know what it is I am looking for, and frankly, though I hope you do not take offense, I do not wish to know anything more. Who cannot want to know the secrets of the serpent? hissed the snake. I know all and am powerful. All you need to do is come hither so that I can tell you what it takes to be like me. It lies in that treasure.Once again, good snake, I say I do not wish to know more about this treasure. Thank you, but I will continue with my task now. Please leave me alone. and with that, the boy started to dig through the earth, hoping that the snake would be quiet. It was not to be so. On Becoming an OBGYN (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) EssayYoure welcome. the boy replied. Now, I must be on my way. I must go back to the wise man so that he will fulfill my wish. And with that, the boy was on his way back home.The old man looked up from his books. Young one, he said, you are home quickly.My task is complete master. said the boy. Please fulfill my wish. The old man smiled. Go home young one, your wish has been granted.The boy hurried home to find his mother waiting for him at the door. Son, she said Im afraid I have news that may disturb you. Your new father died yesterday, very suddenly. No one knows quite how it happened. It was almost as if magic had occurred. The boy suppressed a smile, for he knew his mother hadnt accepted the thought of being alone. The point was though, that she wasnt. The boy turned to his mother and said Mother, I know you are unhappy because two men that you cared about have died, but I hope that you remember that you will always have me and that I love you very much.Tears welled up in the mothers eyes. Oh son, she said I love you too. and the two embraced and went back into their house to live happily ever after. Words/ Pages : 2,361 / 24

The Glass Menagerie And The Conflict Between free essay sample

The Glass Menagerie And The Conflict Between Happines And Responsibility Essay, Research Paper An single # 8217 ; s right to be happy and its struggle with an single # 8217 ; s duties is a common personal job. Many people must do the pick between the two daily. Most people have a set sentiment of whether duty or felicity should predominate. Sometimes people have exclusions to this sentiment. Some people would judge Tom, in The # 8220 ; Glass Menagerie, # 8221 ; as being right or incorrect in his determination to take felicity and leave duty. I believe that people have a right to be happy, and that people need duty. There may be a happy medium, but if there is, no 1 I know has found it. Normally the best manner to be is happy. If a individual is taking duty over felicity, they are, of class, unhappy. When people are unhappy, they tend to go dissatisfied and unpleasant. It begins a concatenation consequence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Menagerie And The Conflict Between or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other people become unhappy and do your life Plutos. Besides, when people are unhappy due to duty, they become slack. Peoples at McDonald # 8217 ; s begin to ptyalize on french friess, that kind of thing. Cipher wants anyone else to go that lax in their duties. There are exclusions when it comes to people taking felicity over respon sibility. If a individual has ever, and will ever detest their occupation or their school, something of that kind, so by all agencies, that individual should travel where they would be happier. If duties such as kids are involved, I believe that the individual has no right to shy from his or her duties to those kids. If person decides that they dont feel good, they shouldn’t quit their occupation. In, # 8220 ; The Glass Menagerie, # 8221 ; Tom had a right to go forth. Possibly he should hold made certain that his female parent and sister would non be out on the streets with no income, or watched from afar to see if they were making good. He was non entitled to remain and take over his male parent # 8217 ; s duties, and his female parent should hold been more gracious to him. The chief point is, nevertheless, that Tom was entitled to his felicity and his female parent and sister were non his duty. Most people, when put in highly nerve-racking state of affairs, will withdraw, like Tom in, # 8220 ; The Glass Menagerie. # 8221 ; Most of the clip people worry about their duties so much that they forget to seek felicity. An unhappy individual will stop up as an irresponsible individual. Most people will state that, to them, duties are first and felicity is a distant second. Those people are either unhappy, or lying.

What Is FTP A Beginners Guide to FTP for WordPress Users

You can perform a lot of tasks within your WordPress dashboard – but you cant do everything. Sometimes, you may need to make a change directly to one of your sites files. This might be to tighten security or add some custom code. A little research will tell you that File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the way to go, but what is FTP?In short, FTP enables you to connect directly to the files that make up your WordPress site. You can then edit, add, and delete information and code directly, without having to visit your dashboard. The applications of FTP are numerous, and it even simplifies some of your most common tasks.This guide will answer the question: What is FTP? Then, well teach you how to access your WordPress files using the FTP tool FileZilla. Lets get started! There are many reasons you may need to access your site this way. For example, you can use FTP to:Install plugins and themes directly, should you need it.Manually deactivate plugins and themes if you ever get locked out of your WordPress dashboard.Upload media files in bulk, rather than one at a time.Make changes to core WordPress files such as .htaccess, to implement customizations and extra security measures.Diagnose and fix common errors on your site, such as compatibility issues, internal server errors, and so on.Often, when you look for a tutorial on how to do something within WordPress or search for advice on fixing a specific problem, youll be directed to use FTP. So even if you dont have a specific use in mind, learning this now means youll be prepared when you do find yourself facing an FTP-related task.Introducing FileZillaTo actually use FTP, youll need whats known as an FTP client. This is a program that enables you to make a direct connection to the server where your websites files are stored.If youre just getting started, we suggest checking out FileZilla. This is a free, easy-to-use tool thats great for beginners. Its also recommended by WordPress itself, particularly because its open-source. The developers even offer lots of useful documentation to help you get started.How to use FTP to access your WordPress site (in four steps)You now know the answer to the question: What is FTP? Now its time to learn how to access your website. Well be using FileZilla for this tutorial, but the steps will be similar no matter what tool you select.Step 1: Back up your siteBefore you get started, its important to understand the risks inherent in using FTP. Youll be making permanent changes directly to your sites files, which means that if you arent careful you can make irreversible mistakes. Therefore, its crucial to make sure you have a recent backup in place, so you can restore your website if anything goes wrong.Step 2:  Install FileZillaOnce you have a backup of your site, install FileZilla by visiting the website and clicking on the button to download the client:Find and download the correct version for your computer, then run the .exe file to install it. After that , you can simply start up the client – no special configuration is required.Step 3: Connect to your host using FTPWhen you open up FileZilla, you should see a screen similar to this:There should be four empty fields near the top: Host, Username, Password, and Port. The last field will fill itself in automatically. The first three, however, represent your unique FTP credentials:In order to access your site using FTP, youll need your web hosts FTP address, as well as your personal FTP username and password.All this information is available through your hosting provider. How you find it will vary depending on the company. In general, youll need to log into your hosting control panel and find your credentials in your personal account information. Most hosts offer documentation that tells you exactly where to look. If not, your best bet is to contact them directly.Once you have your credentials, simply enter them into FileZilla and click on the Quickconnect button. Give it a few m oments to work. Soon, you should see a message letting you know the connection has been established:Its worth knowing that you dont have to re-enter your credentials every time you want to access your site. Instead, simply navigate to Server Reconnect, and FileZilla will log back into your host. Alternatively, click the drop-down arrow next to the Quickconnect button and select your server from there.Step 4: Manage Your WordPress FilesNow that FileZilla is connected to your web server, you should see files and folders in each of its four main quadrants:The two quadrants on the left display the files on your local computer, while the quadrants on the right show your websites files. To move files between the two locations, all you need to do is drag and drop them.On the right, you should see a folder named after your websites domain (although it could also be called public_html or www) – this is where all your sites data is stored. Opening it will reveal a few more folders:Mos t of the time, what youre looking for will be in the wp-content folder. For example, this folder contains sub-folders for your themes and plugins. This means you can open up your current theme to make changes, delete a theme, or install a new theme by copying and pasting it into your themes folder (or dragging it over from your computers files):You now know how to connect to your site using FTP and locate your websites files. If you spend some time exploring those files now, youll be well prepared whenever youre required to use FTP in the future!ConclusionPart of becoming an experienced WordPress user involves learning how the platform works behind the scenes. Thats where FTP comes in handy, since it enables you to work directly with the files that make up your site. Knowing how to access your site using FTP is a crucial skill for any WordPress site owner to have.In this post, we first answered the question: What is FTP? Then we introduced FileZilla  and showed you how to use it t o access your WordPress sites files. To recap, there are four major steps:Back up your site.Install FileZilla.Connect to your host using FTP.Manage your WordPress files.Do you have any questions about FTP and what you can do with it? Leave us a message in the comments section below! What is #FTP: a beginner's guide for #WordPress users

If I were President essays

If I were President essays If I were president I would strive to accomplish these three major things. First, I would strengthen our educational system, second, I would make certain that everyone has equal and fair treatment in our society, and lastly, I would secure our borders. Our education system in America is not one in which we should be very proud of. Yes, America does have excellent schools, colleges, and learning institutions, but our standards are not set as high as other countries. For example, our country does not fund our schools adequately. Teachers teach with not enough books, no supplies, or books that are often over 20 years old. How can we expect our children to be up to date with the worlds information if our teaching materials are not new? Often teachers in our public schools are forced to buy text books and supplies for our children with their own personal money. Why do they do this? Because they believe in a good education for all learners. Our country "prides" itself on the quality of education a person can receive here, yet teachers are one of the countries lowest paid professionals. If I were president, I would also make sure that everyone in this country was treated equal and fair. The 13th Amendment to the constitution did abolish slavery, and the 14th Amendment was passed to counter the black codes, but in reality, discrimination still occurs in every aspect today in America. Discrimination is not just a black and white issue, it also has to do with age, gender, equal housing, religion, national origin, and credit, to name a few. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to reinstate what the amendments tried to do early in history, but there is still much to be done. Companies need to be regulated better, and stricter rules need to be enforced and fined if necessary. Every American deserves the right to be treated with equality and fairness whether they are male or female, old or young, or non white. ...

Technology Acceptance factors of Cloud Computing Assignment

Technology Acceptance factors of Cloud Computing - Assignment Example This addition of behavioural taste to information system requires systems to be developed consideration large number of factors that are expected to have direct or indirect impact on human acceptance and usage of technology. For the purpose, different models have been devised highlighting different factors that directly influence the process of technology acceptance and adoption. Some of the models and associated factors are as follow: Technology Acceptance Model is the pioneer in determining the fact that acceptance of system receives direct influence from the motivation level which in turn is influenced by large number of factors in the external environment. TAM 1 has highlighted two factors which are: Perceived usefulness in general is defined as the probability in terms of future or perspective user’s ability that using a new technological system or application will enhance user’s ability to perform better or giving optimum results (Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw, 1989). Moreover, users are more likely to adopt those technologies from which there is expectation that it will increase their performances in terms of carrying out work in their walks of life. Perceived ease of use is another factor that affects the use of technology in teaching and learning environments (Davis, 1989). It deals with the future user’s perception or an expectation that his desired targeted system is likely to be free from efforts and hassles (King and Re, 2006). It is usually defined as the ability of an individual in order to carry out some work or taking some decision is mainly influenced by others (in general people who are closer to him). Or in other words the action or decision that particular individual opt to take because of his perception of what other people might think of him is called subjective norm (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975, p.

Sodium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sodium - Essay Example Despite the fact that sodium is very significant to the body, too much intake can have adverse effects especially on individuals who are sensitive to sodium. Excessive consumption of sodium can lead to hypertensions which can cause complex health problems (Gazzaniga 23). Sodium helps in muscle and nerve function because it is a mineral that has an electrical charge or electrolyte. The electrolyte facilitates transmission of nerve cells and muscle contraction. For example sodium ions such as chloride and potassium trigger nerve impulses and muscle contractions when the change places across cell membranes. Sodium maintains fluid balance in the body. For example, via its ions (potassium), it attracts water to itself which ensures that hydration level in the body is optimal. It is significant to note that sodium is found in food such as fish, meat, pickled foods, olives, eggs, table salt, dairy foods and poultry (Gazzaniga 45). Excessive overdose of sodium causes hypertension which can cause many health problems. However, deficiency of sodium in the body can lead to serious health problems. For instance, deficiency of sodium in the body leads to hyponatremia which means the body can not be in a position to regulate sodium.

Strategic Human Resource Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Coursework Example Training is concerned with improving the current task force performance whereas development aims to build up and it increases competence level of employees for the better future performances. Q. 2 Hiring employees who need training is advantageous when the organisation need to maintain a particular knowledge and skills up to date for competitive purpose. Technology keeps on changing rapidly; thus it becomes beneficial to the company when they hire employees whom they need to train. This is vital because it will enable the business to create significant changes that will enable them to achieve a competitive advantage. However, it becomes advantageous to the company when they hire already trained employees because they already have significant work experience; thus this reduces costs of training, time and other resources of training unskilled employees. They also add knowledge to already existing organisation team and they are less costly to the company since training is costly and tim e consuming. Q. 3 The organization can determine in case its training is effective through employing effective evaluation criteria. Varied models have been developed in order to determine in case the training is effective; thus performance indicator is one of the models employed in determining the training effectiveness. Another criteria used is the dependent measure for operationalizing the effectiveness of training but there are other new approaches and models that have been proposed by researchers on evaluating the effectiveness of training (Arthur, Bennett, Edens and Bell, 2003). Kirkpatrick’s model is one of the new frameworks that attempt to reveal the effectiveness of training; thus this model takes into consideration four significant steps or criteria for determining the effectiveness of training. One of the steps is reaction criteria, which employs self report measures and another one is learning criteria, which measure the learning outcomes. Behavioral criteria also measure the actual work performance and it identifies the effect of t raining on actual performance. Lastly, results criteria and this determines in case the quality or productivity of the work has been improved. Q. 4 Behavioral methods are designed performance appraisal, which is based on rating the task performance of workforce depending on their behaviors. This is vital because it enables managers to determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of working performance for employees. Behavioral method judges the actions of employees by using a rating scale to evaluate or measure their particular behaviors. On the other hand, personnel comparison method is used for measuring and comparing each labor force with others in a certain group. Personnel comparison is considered an effective and reliable method of performance appraisal in situations where only employee need to be promoted; thus it is vital for ranking an employee against others in a group on diverse factors until they fi nd the best employee. Q. 5 The performance appraisal refers to the technique employed by HR managers to assess the task performance of a workforce. It is purpose is to assess the task of workforce in regard to particular standards. It is employed in measuring work performance of employees in order to determine their strength and weaknesses. It is imperative because it helps managers to offer efficient training programs or remunerate workforce according to the task

Links between Biodiversity and Poverty Alleviation

Links between Biodiversity and Poverty Alleviation Name: Jane Sheehan. Title of Assignment: Nature is the foundation of business. Ecology sets the rules for economy. Thus, damaging nature is damaging business. Like cutting the branch we sit on. Part I: Evaluate the links between Biodiversity and poverty alleviation in underdeveloped countries. Part II: Discuss whether economic development activities aimed at income generation in emerging nations are likely to have a negative impact on biodiversity. Part I: Evaluate the links between Biodiversity and poverty alleviation in underdevloping countries. The issue of poverty and biodiversity in developing countries are intrinsically linked, almost in a paradoxical way. The ideology of biodiversity is one which is constantly under debate, however, a concise definition is that it encompasses all variety of life, from genes, to species, ecosystems and habitats. Undeveloped countries depend on biodiversity as a means of survival. In their case, biodiversity refers to local resources (such as livestock for food and transport, crop for shelter and produce, fuel). These are known as ecosystem goods (Irish Aid Factsheet). Biodiversity is also measured as a type of service, such as the level of climate regulation, and water resources. Biodiversity is a means of wealth in these countries, or insurance. Countries which are impoverished are then therefore the first to be affected when there is a loss in biodiversity. Poverty reduction is referred is an ideal that it is moving a population behind a so-called defined poverty line. In most cases, poverty is usually not reduced, but alleviated or prevented in some areas. The poor in majority of alleviation studies refer to rural communities which live close to biodiverse areas, or small populations which inhabit inaccessible areas. These rural populations depend on local biodiversity for their basic human needs. This can be historically traced, where populations live off of low impact intrusion of biodiversity. It is often the low value, typically inferior goods which are highly significant to the poor, providing them with basic human needs. Richer areas access more significant resources through a series of markets, such as the global economy and international trading. Moving onto the topic of poverty alleviation and biodiversity, it is hypothesised that there are links between the two. Biodiversity, in relation to poorer nations, is often measured as an abundance of natural resources such as the following: fish, mangroves, forests, wild animals and plants. These are often found in tropical environments. An interest in biodiversity and conservation may lead to a decrease in poverty levels in an area. Certain services or employment opportunities may be deep rooted in conservation processes, such as nature based tourism, protected area jobs, non-timber forest products (NTFP). These can target both problems, often providing poverty reduction methods, or preventing people from falling deeper into poverty. When conditions are optimum, these services lead to an increase in income and a level of poverty alleviation. Tourism = well known means of alleviating poverty. Instead of degrading a resource, seek to improve the knowledge surrounding it. Not only conserving, but gaining money. Part 2: Discuss whether economic development activities aimed at income generation in emerging nations are likely to have a negative impact on biodiversity. The economic development activities which nations undertake as a means of generating income in turn affects biodiversity. Loss in biodiversity can be linked to economy growth. As income per capita rises, so does the depletion of natural resources, and the degradation of natural habitats. Increase in industrialisation in countries leads to a correlation of pollution levels, however these processes may be key to employment opportunities and income. Though the area may be moving away from poverty, it is also moving towards a greater loss of biodiversity. There is also the issue of biodiversity loss in an underdeveloped area due to demand of product from developing countries. There is a high level of exportations from impoverished states to other countries of greater economic wealth, for example goods such as coffee, bananas, and sugar. There is also the problem of endangered animal trading.ÂÂ   Therefore loss is not only primarily linked to processes happening within a country, but as a result of processes happening in considerably better off areas. Therefore these areas are being exploited. As biodiversity loss increases in an area, as does public concern. An overall increase in income per capita means that the government of these areas have more expenditure for the protection of species and habitats. It can also be considered that, households which have a higher income rate, have more money to use as a part of conservation effort. One could even say, as the primary need of local resources for survival declines, conservation becomes a national issue. Biodiversity becomes economically important. Resources can be manufactured on an agricultural and pharmaceutical basis. People also begin to look towards the aesthetic properties of biodiversity, such as tourism, recreation space, and genetic diversity. As the economy develops, therefore so does environmental policy. Conservation effort can be measured by the state protection of the land, and the halt on the trade of endangered species. In developing areas, plants can be economically important due to their emerging importance in modern day medicine. Therefore certain valuable species are cultivated on a large scale for production measures in monoculture plantations. This method of increasing income leads to a volume of resources and an increase in the species biomass, but does not directly increase diversity, but abundance. Therefore a significant stabilisation in biodiversity loss can be witnessed in these developed areas. Though biodiversity loss comes to a slight standstill, the original effects are not seen to be reversed, nor will biodiversity be increased. Its hard to say whether these methods will improve biodiversity, or degrade it.

Schools, Teachers, Students, and the Community Must Work Together :: Teaching Philosophy Education

Schools, Teachers, Students, and the Community Must Work Together Two weeks into my junior professional experience at County Middle School, I had what Dr. Bill has coined an "Aha!" moment. I was writing examples of regional dialects on the board, and pronouncing the sound variations between the dialects when I turned around and noticed my students’ expressions. They were completely engaged in the lesson. They were practicing the pronunciation of the dialects and giggling about how we all sounded. The scene was surreal. I was so overcome with the dynamic, that I stopped the lesson for a moment, took a deep breath, and thought to myself, "This is it. This is the moment that I have been thinking about since the first day I decided to become a teacher." I exhaled deeply, quietly smiled to myself, and proceeded with the lesson. That experience has taught me critical information about my teaching platform and what I believe the role of a school is in a community. Schools are a vital feature of communities. My vision of the school that I am most drawn to is a school that seeks to educate students beyond local knowledge and basic skills. By merging cultural and academic studies, schools have a tremendous opportunity to empower and enrich the lives of young people. With current emerging technological advances and a world economy, schools have a responsibility to prepare students to thrive in their local communities, but also in a global community. In order for schools to achieve these goals, parents, teachers, administrators, and the community share the responsibility of providing leadership and guidance to the students. Schools are the catalyst for learning, but teachers are the vehicles that have the challenging job of transporting and imparting the information. Teachers have a responsibility to impart academic information that is culturally relevant and age-appropriate. A successful teacher knows that teaching is a full-time job, which requires a personal commitment to continuous, professional development and research of teaching strategies. In other words, teachers have to continue to be students of the profession, seeking to implement current research and diversity into the curriculum whenever possible. Schools, Teachers, Students, and the Community Must Work Together :: Teaching Philosophy Education Schools, Teachers, Students, and the Community Must Work Together Two weeks into my junior professional experience at County Middle School, I had what Dr. Bill has coined an "Aha!" moment. I was writing examples of regional dialects on the board, and pronouncing the sound variations between the dialects when I turned around and noticed my students’ expressions. They were completely engaged in the lesson. They were practicing the pronunciation of the dialects and giggling about how we all sounded. The scene was surreal. I was so overcome with the dynamic, that I stopped the lesson for a moment, took a deep breath, and thought to myself, "This is it. This is the moment that I have been thinking about since the first day I decided to become a teacher." I exhaled deeply, quietly smiled to myself, and proceeded with the lesson. That experience has taught me critical information about my teaching platform and what I believe the role of a school is in a community. Schools are a vital feature of communities. My vision of the school that I am most drawn to is a school that seeks to educate students beyond local knowledge and basic skills. By merging cultural and academic studies, schools have a tremendous opportunity to empower and enrich the lives of young people. With current emerging technological advances and a world economy, schools have a responsibility to prepare students to thrive in their local communities, but also in a global community. In order for schools to achieve these goals, parents, teachers, administrators, and the community share the responsibility of providing leadership and guidance to the students. Schools are the catalyst for learning, but teachers are the vehicles that have the challenging job of transporting and imparting the information. Teachers have a responsibility to impart academic information that is culturally relevant and age-appropriate. A successful teacher knows that teaching is a full-time job, which requires a personal commitment to continuous, professional development and research of teaching strategies. In other words, teachers have to continue to be students of the profession, seeking to implement current research and diversity into the curriculum whenever possible.

Are we obsessed with Celebrities in today(TM)s society?

â€Å"Dot, have you seen Stacey around?† Eastenders â€Å"I'm really enjoying it here in LA, but England will always be the best† David Beckham â€Å"I've kissed a lot of frogs, on my holidays† Sarah Harding (Girls Aloud) What is there left to watch? Celebrities? Haven't we got our own personal lives? Celebrities on the telly, in magazines, on the internet, even in schools girls, gossiping about â€Å"hot† celebs or their dress sense. They're even writing biographies and a large number of us go ahead and buy these biographies, because we're so interested in other people's lives. When out shopping, where ever you look there are posters of celebrities advertising objects of daily use. Aren't we too obsessed with celebrities in today's society? Six people, out of a family of eight, living in High Wycombe would prefer to watch a programme on Tom Cruises love life rather than read a book, about â€Å"How technology has improved through time?† Since the, 20th century majority of the worlds people would rather be famous than educated and endeavour to do something for the world. Despite there are talented celebrities which with no doubt help the world. For example, in 2004 a number of Israel's top celebrities women, gave a hand in helping out a foundation for Osteoporosis disease, yet aswell as this, donated a large amount of money, to these patients for their future lives. These Israeli women are much worthier of celebrity's status, than the usual that we worship. So, there are celebrities with talents, also which have been used as role models with qualities such as: being extremely helpful towards people and nature; educating people; having modesty even after being successful; and most of all respecting people who are a lower society than them. Paparazzi, from an Italian dialect word for a particularly noisy, buzzing, irritating mosquito. Paparazzo's are following celebrities everywhere, by contrast intruding into their personal lives. They want to find out what they eat? How they dress? Where they got their new haircut from? How many times in a week they have bath? Unfortunately, they even find this matter fascinating. Why should they be treated like this? It is like a juicy orange on floor, which is densely crowed by hundreds of ants who are trying to rapidly, trying to eat the orange in pleasure. Also, there is snapaparazzi, who is a journalist or passer-by, who witnesses an event and captures it on a video or digital picture using his or her mobile. Their whole life is captured on one photo like a letter, which could invite them to ruin their lives; on the other hand this gives people a source of entertainment and enjoyment. However, entertainment is designed to give pleasure and enjoyment to an audience, entertainment such as: concerts; radio; operas; films; new media; novels; theatre; sports. Entertainment is a part of life, which most of us extremely enjoy as they include celebrities. Without these aspects we would actually find ourselves purely bored, when we're not occupied to something. It is only when the obsession gets out of hand! Celebrity Worship Syndrome is a newly identified psychological condition. A typical sufferer is a person who is obsessed with a person in the public eye. This condition is sometimes referred to â€Å"Celebrity Obsession Syndrome† or â€Å"Mad icon disease† .In 2002, it was shockingly gathered that there are 781 males and 942 females who suffer from this disease in UK .These people watch all appearances of this celebrity and even start to religiously worship them. They buy things which this celebrity has touched, a piece of clothing they have worn, even if it costs a fortune. A number a people, buy things to copy celebrities because they think it looks fashionable or to attract various people in their society. For example, a number of girls would want to buy a Chloe handbag just, because Victoria Beckham has it even if it would cost them any thing. Various people have been bankrupted, not knowing that they have spent so much on things that would not come in their, use rather than spending on something which is useful. Being bankrupted, means some companies do not allow you to take a loan from them or work for them, these serious consequences could ruin their lives. Isn't this extreme? Turning on the TV, various programs like cribs, which invite people to see homes of celebrities, their garden to their garages, and their fridges to their wardrobes, are, shown on TV. Does it bother them? On the other hand, you open a magazine like ‘The Heat' which criticizes celebs and abuses their personal lives. Despite this fact, 75% teenagers enjoy reading magazines although being in the position of being criticized and abused on TV and magazines, they would find it highly offensive and would take some sort of action towards it. But their still is a variety of serious programmes and channels on the television, for example history channel or science ,channels which give people good knowledge and help the, towards the future. Also, educational and serious magazines can be found, which further our knowledge in a range of subjects. It is our decision to choose the decent magazines or TV programmes so we can't not blame celebrities on this aspect. Not only the younger society, but the older society, also suppose celebrities as perfect, the way they live, their hairstyles, their skin we don't assume but celebrities themselves, have many difficulties to doubt with, socially and personally. We think, when we see these people on TV, they must have such any easy life. They have magnificent houses, they get whatever they want whenever they want. As no one can ever be perfect you have to just enjoy your life, the way you want it, in any circumstances. Although, celebrities are harmless, it's just that, we people who are not famous overreact about things. We conduct things, which later on turns out to be a bit over the top, actually not realising it. In conclusion, people are obsessed with celebrities in today's society. It's mainly, not the celebrities fault they are just trying to give us a bit of entertainment and we take it out of hand ourselves. As a fact then, we are obsessed with celebrities; everything just needs to stay in the limits.

Play Analysis - Sample Essay of Man and Superman

Play Analysis - Sample Essay of Man and Superman The comedy Man and Superman depicts a microcosm of English convention in the early 20th century. It is an adaptation of the Don Juan epic touching on the philosophy of Nietzsche’s ubermensch. The play’s social commentary is strongly influenced by these topics, but it contains undertones that speak to a more specific topic on the implementation of social revolution. Framed in this way, the play is a platform for concepts embodied in the socialist rhetoric of the Fabian Society. During the late 19th Century and Early 20th century, George Bernard Shaw was an active member often using his dramatic works as a vessel by which he could communicate his political views. In the setting of Man and Superman, Shaw uses the metamorphosis of the protagonist as a metaphor for the type of social revolution sought by the Fabian Society. The Character Jack Tanner Jack Tanner is an unconventional character at a time when convention dictated action. He is wealthy, middle-aged, and unattached. As a confirmed bachelor, he preaches free love and constantly decries the institution of marriage. Most notably he is the author of The Revolutionist’s Handbook. This book details opinions on many controversial topics from the overthrowing of governments to the role of women in the daily life. The type of person that he represents is not readily accepted by his peers. In the eyes of Roebuck Ramsden, Jack Tanner is initially viewed in a negative light. Ramsden describes Tanner’s book as â€Å"the most infamous, the most scandalous, the most mischievous, the most black guardly book that ever escaped burning at the hands of the common hangman† (337). Ramsdens views are significant. He is an older gentleman that holds an important position in society. He is introduced as, â€Å"more than a highly respectable man: he is marked out as a president of highly respectable men† (333). It is therefore not unreasonable to think that the views of Ramsden might also be the views held by other important gentlemen in society. Ramsden’s views are shared by like-minded characters in the play. After defending Violet for the circumstances in which she is having a child, Tanner finds himself apologizing to her. Violet says, â€Å"I hope you will be more careful in the future about the things you say. Of course one does not take them seriously; but they are very disagreeable, and rather in bad taste† (376). Regardless of her own motivations at that time, she wanted nothing to do with Tanner’s support. This is in stark contrast to the reception one typically gets as a lone defender. How Tanner Views Himself These reactions to Tanner are generated from the way in which Tanner views himself. He says to Ann, â€Å"I have become a reformer, and like all reformers, an iconoclast. I no longer break cucumber frames and burn gorse bushes: I shatter creeds and demolish idols† (367). This is an extreme stance from which to approach life. It is understandable then that people might be offended, or even threatened, by what he represents. Tanner is unrealistic in his ideas on how to change society. In order to affect these changes in a direct manner, one would truly have to be a superman. Were Tanner to be an ubermensch by the definition of Nietzsche, it is conceivable that he might have been able to pull off a social revolution without subtlety. The main characteristic of the ubermensch is that he/she acts in accordance with his or her desires. However, he repeatedly demonstrates that this is not the case. He is conflicted over his feelings for Ann. Even though he claims that he disliked her, he somehow always attends to her. He claims to be an intellectual but is corrected by his chauffer when quoting Beaumarchais. He freely admits he is a slave to the car and his chauffeur by extension. He admits that he is intimidated by women and needs protection from at least one, namely Ann. Though he gives a long-winded diatribe to Ramsden that claims is almost without shame and almost never regrets his actions, he clearly contradicts himself. Tanner Dreams He Is Don Juan In the third act, Tanner dreams he is Don Juan, choosing whether he belongs in heaven or hell. Of course, this is the Shaw version of Heaven and hell rather than the traditional version in which the Devil punishes the wicked. Don Juan describes Heaven as a place in which â€Å"you live and work instead of playing and pretending. You face things as they are; you escape nothing but glamour, and your steadfastness and your peril are your glory† (436). If hell is a place in which you don’t face reality, then that has a clear connection to the state Jack Tanner finds himself in at the beginning of the third act. He is shirking responsibility in his personal life as well as avoiding the feelings he has for Ann. Choosing the Life Hes Been Avoiding In choosing to go to heaven at the end of the third act, Jack Tanner subconsciously chooses the life he has been avoiding. This is the life that accepts Ann. This is also the life that does not avoid convention but embraces it. Heaven is a place where one contemplates the true nature of the universe. In this case, Jack chooses to contemplate the true nature of his world rather than live an existence only concerned with self-gratification. Here again, Ramsden’s view of Tanner is significant. When Tanner has professed his love for Ann at the end of the play, Ramsden is congratulatory. He says, â€Å"you are a happy man, Jack Tanner, I envy you† (506). This is the first such supportive remark offered by Ramsden. Until this point, they had remained at odds with each other. Tanner’s engagement to Ann probably suggests he has a reasonable nature. Since Ramsden is an influential person, this changed view of Tanner will extend to Ramsden’s sphere of influence. In this light, Tanner has the opportunity to be a much more influential person. We have a clear example of the effectiveness of this kind of man in Ramsden. Ramsden was appalled to hear that Tanner considered him, â€Å"an old man with obsolete ideas† (341), but Ramsden was just like Tanner in his youth. He says to Octavius, â€Å"I have stood for equality and liberty of conscience while they were trucking to the Church and to the aristocracy. Whitefield and I lost chance after chance through our advanced opinions† (339). In his day, his opinions were advanced enough to lose him favor in eyes of his contemporaries. Mendoza, an acquaintance they met in Spain, reported that Ramsden, â€Å"used to supper with several different ladies† (471). This is something Ramsden staunchly disagreed with in Tanner’s personal life. It is clear that a change occurred in Ramsden. It must also be true that a change occurred in society in order for a man with such radical opinions to become a man of honor. This suggests that Tanner evolved in the same way that Ramsden did. Their views became milder as did their lifestyles. This is similar to the method of affecting change that was espoused by the Fabian Society. The Fabian Society was and still is a socialist organization that encourages the advancement of socialist principles through gradual rather than revolutionary means. Here, it is implied that Ramsden and now Tanner became more effective at advancing their own principles after adopting their milder lifestyles. Construction Cumbers the Ground... When he says, â€Å"construction cumbers the ground with institutions made by busybodies. Destruction clears it and gives us breather space and liberty† (367), Tanner did not realize that these words would apply to his own circumstance. His old life, which he thought was liberated, was actually holding him back. It was only in the destruction of that life that he was able to liberate himself. The taming of his radical nature caused his influence to expand. The Fabian Society believed that the destruction of state-created national, political, and moral character. Tanner’s change is a metaphor for this creation of a character. Tanner believed he had strong moral passion, but this passion was undirected. Instead, he had the foundation for a strong moral character. In submitting to Ann and accepting the traditional Victorian lifestyle, he gained a springboard from which to extend his social ideas. In so doing, he developed a stronger moral fiber, the moral fiber of a leader rather than an eccentric.

How to Become an Athletic Trainer

How to Become an Athletic Trainer If you’re seeking an Allied Health career and feel more comfortable with sweat than blood, then athletic training might be the right path for you. Certified trainers work directly with clients to help them overcome injuries or get in shape on the road back to health. They develop exercise treatment plans and oversee exercise regimens to make sure clients (in a professional gym setting) and patients (in a medical setting) get back on their feet, get in shape, and maintain health. The athletic training career at a glance:The Day-to-DayAthletic trainers may work in gyms or in medical centers. Whether they’re working with clients to establish and maintain a fitness routine or helping patients recover after a physical injury, they work closely with people. They may teach exercises and oversee workouts to make sure that patients are working safely and efficiently to maintain their health and well-being. Athletic trainers often work under the supervision of doctors, athletic d irectors, and coaches to implement training plans.The RequirementsAthletic trainers typically have a bachelor’s degree in an accredited athletic training program or in another Allied Health field. Programs may also include hands-on clinical training in schools, hospitals, health clinics, or emergency rooms. Requirements (including certification) are set by the Board of Certification for the Athletic Trainer.For more information on accredited athletic training programs, check out the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education.The SkillsAthletic trainers require a number of special skills and knowledge bases, including:Injury assessment, evaluation, and treatmentInjury and illness pathologyAnatomy and physiologyDisability treatment and managementTherapeutic exerciseInterpersonal skillsPharmacologyRisk management and injury preventionNutritionIn addition to medical and general health expertise, athletic trainers should have strong communication and teaching skill s, as they work very closely with patients and clients.The PayPer the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary of certified athletic trainers is $43,370.The OutlookAs more people turn to long-term healthcare management and non-medical intervention, the outlook for athletic trainers is pretty bright. Per the BLS, the field is expected to grow by more than 21% by 2022.Interested?  Apply here

How to Reduce Cars Number On Campus Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to Reduce Cars Number On Campus - Case Study Example Transportation emissions accounts for about 10% of the total emissions generated on campus and this emission have contributed to environmental problems. The significant aspect for campus is to reduce its own impact on the environment; thus the most fundamental contribution of campus is to contribute to the wellbeing of the society. The aim of this recommendation is to provide sustainable ways of reducing transportation emissions through reducing car numbers on campus in order to achieve sustainability in campus. Q. 1 The low parking fees at campus have been one of the primary issues for increased cars at campus. The current parking fee, which is too low almost offer many people the incentives to drive their cars to campus. The low parking fees has become one of the causes for increased cars on campus and this is one of the main causes for increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting from single occupant vehicles (Martin and Samels, 2012). Another issue is poor bus services, which is complicated; thereby contributing to increased cars on campus. The process of obtaining carpool passes has conventionally been complicated and this allows single car users to continue using single occupant vehicles on campus. ... However, this requires better planning and community design in a manner that can enable people to make effective transportation choices since poor choices have profound effects on sustainability. Martin and Samuels (2012) argue that each travel option is associated with environmental impacts; thus making effective travel choices can contribute to sustainable transportation. Employing sustainable transportation means is vital because sustainability is associated with meeting the present needs of people without compromising with their future needs (Makower and Pike, 2009).The efficient transportation modes can be described using transportation hierarchy and this hierarchy attempts to illustrate that sustainable transportation is the one that have a low impact on environment such as walking and cycling. This transportation mode requires little equipment; thus they have a less impact on environment. Q.3 Wilkin can strategically adjustment parking prices such as raising the parking fee in order to discourage single car users to campus; thereby reducing cars on campus. Successful management programs of incorporating incentives for commuters to switch from the use of single occupant vehicles require effective and strict formulation of policies at campus. For instance, organizing staff meeting and bringing the issue of raising parking fee with an aim of reducing single occupant vehicles in campus is vital. Although achieve this strategy is not an easy task, there is a need to offer car park permits, which can either be paid through lump sum payment or salary sacrifice scheme through monthly salary deduction. There is scientific consensus that human caused carbon dioxide emissions are

Continental Drift Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continental Drift Theory - Essay Example In the last part of the 20th century, modern investigations have led to the evidence of sea-floor spreading or the diversion of ocean floor from the mod-ocean ridges. Under geometric continental reconstructions evidence, Wegener proposed that the coastline geography of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean have pattern and can be fitted back together like a jigsaw puzzle. Example of which are the coastlines of western Africa and eastern South America (Rogers, 2008, 93). In addition, Wegener reiterated it is the end of the submerged continental shelf that marks the line of the originally-joined continents and not the coastline-fit misconception. Geological match and continuity of structure evidence explained how there are similar rock types, succession of strata or igneous bodies which have unique characteristics were found on either side of the ocean. This evidence was observed in the similarities of the rock strata and geological structures of the Appalachian and Caled onian mountain belts of eastern USA and northwestern Europe, as well as the Precambrian rocks and geological structures similarity observed between South America and Africa (Rogers, 2008, 95). ... The modern evidence gathered during the latter part of the 20th century which has made the continental drift theory acceptable is the sea-floor spreading evidence. Modern geologists had explained the inaccessible ocean floor in Wegener’s theory and discovered striped patterns of magnetic polarities at both sides of the ocean and on mid-ocean ridges (Frisch, Meschede & Blakey, 2011, 3). Scientists and physicists during Wegener’s time rejected his idea because the forces suggested by Wegener are too weak to explain the drift of the continents. Furthermore, the lack of strong mechanism to drive continents across the ocean basins’ questioned the credibility of the Wegener’s continental drift theory, particularly the use of scientific method. During that time, Americans believed that scientific method is empirical, inductive, modest, holding close to the object of study, and is resistant to the impulse of going further (Oreskes, 2003, 11). Derived from the form er description, Americans believed that Wegener breached the scientific method because of drawing out the theory first before gathering evidence. Scientist of today accepted Wegener’s theory but used plates instead to describe the division and pattern of relative movement between regions of the Earth surface because modern physicists discovered the sea-floor spreading and the tectonic cycle (Frisch, Meschede & Blakey, 2011, 3). In addition, the process of scientific method and theory development are further improved. The scientific method starts with a question of the object/topic under investigation. Hypothesis is identified and initial experiment is done. Observation and measurement of the initial experiment took

Criminal Procedures in the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedures in the News - Essay Example Safety measures have been given the topmost priority. All the cities are under heavy security. Surveillance is the one of the safety measures employed to check criminal activities. Though sometimes these activities may breach privacy policies citizens of America should understand that it is for their own good. After 9/11 the American policies towards international community has changed considerably. As President Bush said you are with us or against us. The main victims of criminal are the innocent citizens. Mostly children are attracted towards criminal activities. In the recent past we have seen the news of gun firing in schools and other educational institutions. These incidents indicates that how the society has been disturbed. There is no safety not even in their home state and in their own house. Though the police department and other security agencies are providing foolproof security no one knows who will strike terror and from where. The students and other children involved in shootouts were sent to juvenile homes. They were treated as juveniles. Special psychological treatments were given o them. Juvenile homes make every effort to turn them into responsible citizens. The main reason for children committing crimes is the domestic violence.

CCOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

CCOT Analysis Essay The Indian Ocean was a significant division of water that was bounded primarily by the Indian Subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and eastern Africa. Many changes occurred over time in the area, especially from 500 BCE and 1400 CE. The interaction of Buddhism and Confucianism altered, increased wealth came to new towns and ports, and population increased due to advancements in technology. Though there were many changes, many things stayed constant in the region. The Indian Ocean region continued to keep many economic/religious factors the same, such that Islamic world continued to spread and exotic goods remained as the basis of trade. Buddhism and Confucianism were the main religious views in the Indian Ocean region. They both flourished initially keeping a stable ratio, but Buddhism began to diminish during the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty based their civil service exams on Confucianism, which as a result led to more focus on Confucianism and later to the downfall of Buddhism. Interactions between developing trade routes led to city popularity, wealth and success. Such cities include, Cairo, Quilon, and Melaka, which became major factors in Afro-Eurasian trade. Technology in the region also led to many different changes in the Indian Ocean region. The three-field crop rotation rapidly changed the rise of cities. Since they were now able to grow dissimilar crops in the same area, more food and trade products came about. As urbanization increased, simultaneously, rural areas increased system also played a big role. As cities grew, they began to prosper. Agriculture boomed and therefore more opportunities for merchants were available as trade was excellent in the area. Many significant transitions and alterations occurred in the Indian Ocean region, which encouraged, primarily, economics, religion, and city success. Coming from the changes that occurred, many things also did remain the same in the Indian Ocean region. Islam continued to spread throughout the division. Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which linked the Indian Subcontinent to the Islamic world. On top of Islam’s prosperous spreading, Indian trade was still and is still based on exotic goods. A good example of this could be how gold, slaves, silk, and spices were traded at around 150 CE, as well as 700-1000 CE. These constants were significant for the foundation of the regions trade, and the rise of a new religion. The Indian Ocean region had many changes and continuities that all occurred over time. Some changes were made including the rise of cities and trade, and the fall of Buddhism. The continuities include the constant spread of the Islamic world, and the same basis of trade; exotic goods. These factors all shaped the region building a stronger base of advancement demographically, culturally, and economically.

Federalist versus Antifederalists Essays -- American government, Polit

From the birth of our Republic, Federalists and Antifederalist debated the nature of democracy and representation. One argument involved competing views of â€Å"communities of interest† and the nature of representation. Federalists desired a strong national government ruled by the political elite. Leaders should be isolated from the public and focus on making broad decisions at the national level. Antifederalists favor promotion of local interests through likeminded congressional representation. Government should be as close to the people as possible and representatives’ actions should be based on their constituent’s wishes. Political compromises were reached as demonstrated in the constitution and subsequent composition of congress. The debate concerning the nature of democracy and representation continues today, reflected in the differing and competing goals of redistricting, in part due to the vague nature and wording within the constitution. Both Fe deralist and Antifederalist views are reflected in modern politics however American politics has consistently moved towards an Antifederalist ideology since the decline in power of political parties. For the Antifederalists, â€Å"communities of interest† have a narrow definition, one which is both geographically and interest specific. Government should be close to the people; with direct democracy impractical, representation becomes necessary (FF 7, p.43). For representation to be accurate congressmen should reflect the local communities they represent; a large number of representatives with small constituencies are necessary to insure individual interests are entertained. Small constituencies provide a more intimate relationship; an increase in personal knowledge and communal... ...t government should be more accessible and is too far removed from the public. Evidence shows that congressmen are concerned with staying connected to districts and invest considerable time and energy being visible and available publically. Racial gerrymandering has provided unique descriptive representation opportunities but at the expense of historical geographic voting communities. People hate congress but love their incumbent due to a committee system which generally rewards seniority and personalized constituent services. The high reelection rate has resulted in the institutional memory desired by Federalists while partisan gerrymandering has made political seats safer on both sides of the isle. Both sides are partially represented in 21st Century politics but neither the Federalists nor Antifederalist would consider our current political climate ideal.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Essay

Bloom believes that there are six cognitive levels that classifies thinking in cognitive levels, with each level being more complex than the previous one. Which means that the human brain has the capacity to do more than acquire and understand factual knowledge. Below are the six cognitive levels. 1. Creating Putting elements together to form a coherent, or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating. planning or producing. 2. Evaluating Making judgments based on a criteria and stands through checking and critiquing. 3. Analyzing Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to overall structure or purpose threw the differentialine organizing, and attributing. 4. Applying carrying out or using a procedure through implementing, understanding/ constructing manage from oral, written, and graphic message through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 5. Understanding constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying,classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. 6. Remembering retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long – term memory. I believe that this is the basic process that most people use to remember and learn a new concept. As almost all projects start with an idea which is where you would create your outline/ idea then you would normally evaluate and analyze that outline/ idea. If you feel that steps one – three were going to work you would then apply your idea. Once the idea has been applied it will help you to understand the concept. Which will make remembering it much easier.

Effect of Inequality on Access to Socially Valued Resources Essay

Equality often implies an equality of opportunity to access what society has to offer. Typically this includes access to socially values resources, such areas as health, education, employment opportunities and political representation. Over the years, Australian society has been described by people as a â€Å"working man’s paradise, ‘the land of the fair go’, and an egalitarian society. However, there has been evidence of inequality of groups such as the indigenous, the disabled, and gender issues, where differences to access of socially valued resources highlight the disadvantages that these groups in society face. This disadvantage has implications of a life dominated by social and economic disadvantage, where quality of life, opportunities and possible future outcomes are all less that those who live in wealthier areas and higher incomes and higher status jobs. Indigenous Australians are another group whose life opportunities are diminished through the inequality based upon their perceived ‘racial’ difference. In nearly all aspects of social life, indigenous Australians experience disadvantage. An inquiry into Australia’s health in 1994 revealed that indigenous Australians were 3 times more likely to die of childhood diseases and were 15 to 20 years more likely to die earlier that other Australians. Indigenous people were nearly twice as likely as member of the general population to live outside urban centres and are more likely to live further from a range of health services and facilities. This statistics highlight the lack of access to health systems leading to health problems and death. In addition to facing a range of cultural and communication barriers, they face particular issues, such as dispossession and the ‘stolen generation’ which placed them in a uniquely disadvantaged position. Although there has been funding from the government to try and improve the conditions of life for the Indigenous, according to the ABS only 3% of Indigenous people in NSW were attending a university or other tertiary institution. There was also only 44% of young Indigenous people in NSW that were  attending an education institution which came from the 1996 census. From the SMH article ‘Vanstone admits indigenous money has been wasted’, it is evident that access to education may improve the future equality for indigenous, where there is a need to encourage education in Indigenous communities rather than spend $3 billion each year on services and programs that Indigenous people did not acknowledge they had access to because of the lack of education. Women in Australia have achieved more equality in life than Indigenous Australians because of their political power. They represent 50.6% of the NSW population according to the 2001 census and therefore have a strong voice in society. The Sex Discrimination Act 1984, highlight the feminist movement for gender equality in Australia. Although women have more equality compared to the indigenous group, they suffer disadvantage in comparison with men. In August 1998 according to the Department of Women (NSW), women’s average weekly earnings were 79.83% of men’s. They were also more likely that men to work unpaid overtime. Although statistics from Gender Equity: a frame work for Australian Schools 1997, show that girls have outperformed boys for the last 13 years on the bases of mean TER scores, women have had limits in achieving and reaching top positions in society, which is described as the ‘glass ceiling’ theory. According to the SMH article ‘affirmative: the glass ceiling is still firmly in place’, results from the 2004 Australian census of women in leadership revealed there had been no change in the number of women in chief executive positions and there was still only four in Australia. However, due to the woman’s collective strong voice in society, there is hope that the future prospects will change even more and become much more the same as the quality of life for men. Another group in Australian society facing difficulty in achieve better access to socially valued resources is the disabled. Similar to the Indigenous, they are one of the most disadvantaged groups due to their lack of political voice in society. In 1998, 3.6 million people in Australia were identified by the Australia Bureau of Statistics as having a disability. Of those with a disability, 78% experienced restriction in core activities (communication, self care and mobility), schooling or employment. It was  also identified in 1998 that the median gross income of people with a disability was less that half than that for people without a disability. People with intellectual disabilities were more likely to have poor education outcomes and thus have little knowledge of their rights, obligations or where to seek assistance. They also have more limited access to employment opportunities, a greater likelihood of being dependant on income support payments, and may have a history of multiple or inappropriate placements in care. The argument in Australia has been about the cost of providing accommodation in community style homes for the mentally disabled, rather than large old style institutions. Frequently deprived of any political power or effective lobbying, the mentally disabled have difficulty in having their viewpoint heard. As Australian society become increasingly secular, philosophical questions such as ‘should we support our weak?’ are ignored. It is impossible to have a total egalitarian society. However, no one is saying that all people should actually possess equal resources, but rather have equal access to socially valued resources. If we are to be a â€Å"fair go’ nation, society must look of ways to reduce inequality, prejudice and discrimination. Although the likelihood of women to gain more equal access to socially valued resources are high, the likelihood of Indigenous and the disabled is less because they are minority groups, and this leads to lack of political voice in the system. Through looking at different groups in society, we can see the effects of inequality to socially valued resources through their experiences and quality of life. References: www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=5898 www.asauthors.org/ www.coalitionforEQUALITY.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=152&Itemid=28 www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=7864_9386_9209_7340_4323 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSTRALIAN_Coalition_for_EQUALITY

buy custom Military Medical Crimes essay

buy custom Military Medical Crimes essay In the medical field, white-collar crime may include pharmaceutical executives untruly advertising that a vaccine can prevent certain infections which in real sense it does not. According to this video the Pentagon arranged for the United States troops in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Korea to receive anthrax vaccines by force (Lordblackhawk1000, 2008). The soldiers were denied the right to refuse deadly vaccines as they were threatened by the Pentagon. This was after the forewarnings that were issued by a number of heroic and patriotic individuals to military and government officials. It was kind of a plan between the Department of defense and pharmaceutical executives who knew that there would be an increased demand for the anthrax vaccine as their plan goes through. Increased demand always leads to increase in the price of goods or services and this is what thepharmaceutical company was targeting. This therefore qualifies to be a white-collar crime. After this arrangement, there was mass vaccination of the United States troops which risked the lives of many soldiers as the live anthrax bacteria was injected into their blood stream (Lordblackhawk1000, 2008). The soldiers should have the right to refuse what is unfavorable to their health. They should not be forced to be injected with a very expensive deadly vaccine for experimental purposes. Air force pilots decided to quit their profession rather than accept the deadly vaccine into their bodies. A caring United States Government, which is truly interested in the safety and health of Americans, would be ensuring that there is progress in public health and educational policies regarding chemical and biological attack preparedness (Pontell Geis, 2007)). It is very contrary when such critical advice and policy is entirely left to independent, usually ill-trained individuals at best. Such individuals convince the government with the aim of selling their fake product at a high price. The government should be aware of such white-collar criminals for the safety of citizens (Lordblackhawk1000, 2008). White-collar criminals always use a convincing language and can do a fatal harm which cannot be realized until very late (Benson Simpson, 2009). The forewarnings of the heroic and patriotic individuals to military and government officials are fallaciously accepted by the government without further investigation. This includes forcing the troops to be injected with a deadly vaccine. The soldiers should be allowed the right to reject the vaccines once they realize the consequences. Buy custom Military Medical Crimes essay

Free Essays on Horkheimer And Adorno

Horkheimer and Adorno’s text , The Dialectic of enlightenment, is book of fragments, essays and asides and was assembled in unusual circumstances, allegedly following a conversation between Adorno and Horkheimer in their kitchen in New York. The main theme of the text is 'the self destruction of the Enlightenment', and the threat to social freedom that this entails. The first section of the book concentrates on two theses: myth is already Enlightenment; and Enlightenment reverts to mythology'. Another essay in this book is the one on the 'culture industry', and it is viewd by many as the most important article in this text. The final section of the text examines anti-Semitism as an example of how civilization can revert to barbarism. Adorno and Horkheimer want to suggest that irrational outbursts like this are inherent in the dominant form of rationality itself. In Dialectic of Enlightenment, the task Horkheimer and Adorno set themselves was nothing less than to discover why mankind, instead of entering into a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism. In the Dialectic, the history of domination is traced back to the ‘turning points’ of Western civilization. Horkheimer and Adorno were concerned to show how the rational domination of nature comes increasingly to win the day, in spite of all deviations and resistance, and integrate all human characteristics. The Authors of the Dialectic present a critical rather than constructive view of history. They do not recommend particular practices as correct and beneficial. Their work is motivated by an awareness of the ever present threat of domination and their philosophy of history attempts to break the grip of all closed systems of thought. It is conceived as a contribution to the undermining of all benefits that claim completeness. The Dialectic can be read at two different levels. At one level the notion of enlightenment is traced from Kant’s discussio... Free Essays on Horkheimer And Adorno Free Essays on Horkheimer And Adorno Horkheimer and Adorno’s text , The Dialectic of enlightenment, is book of fragments, essays and asides and was assembled in unusual circumstances, allegedly following a conversation between Adorno and Horkheimer in their kitchen in New York. The main theme of the text is 'the self destruction of the Enlightenment', and the threat to social freedom that this entails. The first section of the book concentrates on two theses: myth is already Enlightenment; and Enlightenment reverts to mythology'. Another essay in this book is the one on the 'culture industry', and it is viewd by many as the most important article in this text. The final section of the text examines anti-Semitism as an example of how civilization can revert to barbarism. Adorno and Horkheimer want to suggest that irrational outbursts like this are inherent in the dominant form of rationality itself. In Dialectic of Enlightenment, the task Horkheimer and Adorno set themselves was nothing less than to discover why mankind, instead of entering into a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism. In the Dialectic, the history of domination is traced back to the ‘turning points’ of Western civilization. Horkheimer and Adorno were concerned to show how the rational domination of nature comes increasingly to win the day, in spite of all deviations and resistance, and integrate all human characteristics. The Authors of the Dialectic present a critical rather than constructive view of history. They do not recommend particular practices as correct and beneficial. Their work is motivated by an awareness of the ever present threat of domination and their philosophy of history attempts to break the grip of all closed systems of thought. It is conceived as a contribution to the undermining of all benefits that claim completeness. The Dialectic can be read at two different levels. At one level the notion of enlightenment is traced from Kant’s discussio...

How to Find a Literary Agent

How to Find a Literary Agent How to Find a Literary Agent How to Find a Literary Agent By Mark Nichol You do know, don’t you, that if you hope to have just about any trade publisher consider your book manuscript, you’ll need a literary agent? Good. But how do you go about finding one? Here’s my advice: If you know a published writer or are a member of a writing group that has one or more published writers, ask the author for a recommendation. Peruse magazines geared toward writers, and other literary-themed publications, for profiles or other references to agents. Attend writing conferences and attend presentations by agents. At smaller events, you might even have an opportunity to meet one. Enter writing competitions that offer consultations with agents as part of their award packages. Research and evaluate agents at online directories. If you choose only one of these options, opt for the last one: Go to the Web site of the Association of Authors’ Representatives or to AgentQuery. AAR members abide by a reassuring code of conduct, and AgentQuery stands by the agents listed in its database, many of whom decline to join the AAR for one reason or another or have not yet qualified for AAR membership but are just as reliable. (There’s also Preditors and Editors, which evaluates literary agents and other publishing professionals.) Never pay an agent up-front to review your manuscript or represent you, and never pay for editorial services an agent offers or recommends. No reputable agent will request money up-front (other than, possibly, a copying and postage fee; see below) or refer you to an editor who charges you for their assistance. (They may, however, suggest several such services without recommending one in particular.) Professional agents will represent you if they think your manuscript is ready to be published or may offer you some advice if they think it shows promise; rarely, they’ll actually offer to polish your novel a bit free before sending it out. Increasingly, legitimate literary agents are inserting a clause into contracts specifying an expense-reimbursement fee of up to $500. However, their contracts generally also state that no additional fees can be charged without your written consent, and they will not offer to edit your manuscript or outsource that service if you put out some more funds. Furthermore, agents often don’t accept the expense payment if they don’t get you a publishing contract. Most reputable agents, however, refrain from charging you up-front at all. How, then, do agents make a living? If an agent agrees to represent you, they are gambling on the chance that your manuscript will sell, and they will collect a 10-20% commission on sales for their services. If they suggest some revisions, invite you to resubmit the revised manuscript, and take you on, they’ll hope to recoup their expenses, and more, the same way. If they reject your manuscript outright, that means they do not feel that representing you is a good investment, and they will not charge you for turning you down. If several agents reject your manuscript, they’re telling you something and it’s not that you should pay someone else to represent you. They’re telling you that your manuscript isn’t ready for prime time, so get back to work on it, set it aside and get started on another project, or seek help in a writing group, class, or program. Before too long, it will be time to seek an agent again and perhaps the next time, you’ll get lucky. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S10 Types of TransitionsWhat Is a Doctor?

Method and Progress in Management Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Method and Progress in Management Science - Essay Example For example, there has been a shift from efficiency to flexibility in modern management due to the new technological advances, and this situation produces new problems in management. There are many examples of technological advances that were produced in accordance with scientific advances like the clock, electrolysis, electric power distribution, the telegraph, the telephone, canned food, etc. Learner and Phillips (1993) remark that "The commercialization cycle is now so short that many scientific advances cannot be discussed without joint consideration of technology and management." Major point #3: Experiment in management sciences is almost impossible since it is extremely difficult to verify the evidence regarding the issues of research through controllable forecasting, which in turn can be very valuable for obtaining practical results in management decision and management science. Learner and Phillips provide evidence to make their point about controllable forecasting in management science by providing the following insight: "Entrail readers and prophets predicted immutable futures, implying that human action is ineffectual before the whim of the gods. The modern counterpart of this mode of prophecy is statistical time series analysis, which relies only on historical trend to predict the future, without regard to the technological or social processes that drive the variable of interest. It also ignores human intervention. There is another mode of prediction, which we shall refer to as "controllable prediction," in which human goals direct attention to controllable quantities." (Learner and Phillips, 1993). These authors also state the following regarding experiment and verification in management science: "Because fewer variables can be controlled outside the laboratory than in it, reproducibility of results is less useful as a criterion of scientific success, at least from the point of view of a manager who is considering whether to adopt and apply the findings. Experimentation may be essential for advancing theory in the physical sciences, but in the management sciences experimentation is often too expensive and may be impossible or meaningless." (Learner and Phillips, 1993). Major point #4: Progress in management science can be compared to a leapfrog game where its components (methodology, theory, data, and problems) advance step by step in an unbalanced mode. Author's supporting evidence or examples for major point #4: There is a difference between "substantive theory" and "methodological theory". As an example, the authors explain the use of the telescope by the astronomer. They also give as an example the great deal of published articles about marketing,

Art and Materiality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Art and Materiality - Essay Example However, some scholars and critiques of art settle on the 1970s as the cut-off period for the definition of the beginning of contemporary art. Contemporary art vividly integrates life because of its formalization of novel real life practices through artistry. It is widely admissible that contemporary artwork appreciates life practices by the conveyance of diverse notions that are inherent in most artworks. There are distinction between things and objects as applied in artworks but none of them solely dominates the materiality of art. Things are expressions of human relations to the world while objects express the extent of performance of the relationship expressed in an artwork. Objects, as used in art, best perform the role of an intermediary and a catalyst that communicate the assertion of the artist. In as much as different artist choose one of the two forms of materiality, objects or things, they may change from one to another. Art criticism is the comprehensive judgment of artwo rks based on diverse aspects. The vast dominance of a variety of art renders art criticism as one of the most interesting themes in exploring art and materiality. The criticism explores diverse facts about art including their qualitative judgments and determining whether artworks are objects or things. It allows the evaluation of art based on qualitative methods and an understanding of the quality of the artworks that determines the artists’ level of success. The diverse materiality aspects of visual arts addresses in art criticism include its conservation and the decorative value. The argument as to whether art is an expression that uses objects or things, however, may vary extensively. Artworks are a means of communicating ideas and thoughts of the artists. In some instances, it is to create social change and political transitions in another. Other artists, through their artworks, intend to explore the theme of social diversity among communities. Some artworks also inspire and empower historical issues through their cultural values. The role of the artwork dictates the consideration of art as an object or things. Cultural expressions, as a role of artwork would be achievable, best, by the use of objects that are representative of the culture depicted. Although the materiality of things can show value when used to express culture, artists prefer objects to things. In contemporary art, artists appreciate the existence of materiality as an important reason for their effort to explore nature and other aspects of life, in totality, through creativity. Contemporary art serves as the factor that combines human imagination to reality. The artworks of Jean Tinguely, a Swiss, attracted plausible interest in the 20th century. The exemplary manifestation of decline of modern industries and of species extinction of species remains an appreciation of things that exist in world as well as objects. The kinetic artwork that Tinguely displayed concentrated on the theme of destruction. He created artwork that displayed mechanical structures and dominated by objects that are part of human’s daily interactions. Most of his artworks experienced the predominating of the consequences of malfunctioning of objects. Chaos I is one of the most remarkable and historic arts by Tinguely. Damien Hirst’s shark forms one of the greatest artworks that attract massive numbers in most museums, to date. The controversial artwork by Hirst is unquestionably an impression of thoughts. This renders