Narrative Voice in Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye Essay -- Toni Morris

The narration of Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye is actually a compilation of many different voices. The novel shifts between Claudia MacTeers offshoot person narrative and an omniscient narrator. At the end of the novel, the omniscient voice and Claudias narrative merge, and the reader realizes this is an older Claudia looking back on her nipperhood (Peach 25). Morrison uses double narrators in order to gain greater daring for her story. According to Philip Page, even though the voices are divided, they combine to make a whole, and this broader perspective as well as encompasses ag hotshot and present... as well as the future of the grown-up Claudia (55). The number 1 segment of each of the seasonal sections in the novel begins with Claudias memories of that season as a young girl. Her first person narration gives a childlike perspective to the story, while the simple sentences echo the primer passages (Bellamy 22) Our house is old, cold, and green. At night a kerosene lamp lig hts one large room... Adults do not talk to us - they give us directions (10). Linda Wagner views the order of details in the novel as one a child would choose (Bellamy 22). For example, while some of the key plot elements in the novel are saved for the end, such as Pecolas being sexually abused by her father or her slow descent into insanity, other comparatively less important details are given precedent, such as Pecola ministratin (menstruating) for the first epoch or the incident with Maureen Peal. Yet this childlike perspective is not consistent throughout the novel, as Claudias perceptions are too often far beyond the capabilities of a child (Bellamy 22). Her opening sentence for Autumn is as follows Nuns go by quiet as lust, and drunken men with so... ...n the ironically-named Breedlove family should impregnate his own daughter (Peach 27) and how Claudia and everyone else were also involved in Pecolas tragedy. The three narrators, the younger Claudia, the omniscient voice, a nd the older Claudia, combine to give a view of the past, present, and future within the novel and increase the validity of the story. As Valerie Smith contends, the narrative process leads to self-knowledge because it forces acceptance and understanding of the past (Page 55). Works CitedBellamy, Maria Rice. These Careful Words . . . Will Talk to Themselves Textual body and Reader Responsibility in Toni Morrisons A Mercy. Web 23 May 2015http//www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58336Morrison, Tony. 1994. The Bluest Eye. New York Penguin.Peach, Linden. Toni Morrison. New York St. Martins Press, 1995.

Computers in Medicine :: essays research papers

We live in an age of science and technology. The appliances of science and technology have revolutionized our way of life. in that respect is nothing that has allured our lives more than a computer. We have become dependant on them for almost every aspect of our lives. There is no field that is devoid of the influence of computer applications. The demand of computers has been dramatically increasing in many fields. I believe that among the fields that have made tremendous advances in the twentieth degree Celsius due to the advancement of computers, medicine stands out from the rest. The medical field is continuously using the newest technology to better the treatment and diagnosis of forbearings in order to dish people. There are many different aspects in which technology is being used to improve the field of medicine. This technology aids in administrative matters, non-direct healthcare, and specialize medical equipment in fields such as pharmaceuticals, radiology, virtual su rgery and virtual medicine.In administrative matters, computers impact patient billing, online referrals, and computerized patient records. fit in to (Bader, S.A & Braude, 1998), in that location are software product programs that exist to aid physicians in insurance billing. Without these applications, a physician or highly trained assistant would have to spend hours report thousands of claims by hand. One program called Medical Billing Assistant accomplishes this tedious task. The program receives input such as dates, price, patient numbers, and medical procedure codes. The software records the data and produces an output, which can be mailed to insurance companies, kept for log, or given to patients.Computers not only aid in the administration and organization of patient records, but in actual health care. The Internet has made a huge impact on the health care system. Health care on the Internet has become diverse and significantly present in the past two to three years. Throu ghout the years, Internet services for health care evolved. According to (Douglass K., 1997), during the first generation, uses of the Internet have been applications of information that describe products, and services that are available from health care providers. During the second generation, the Internet was used for transactions that tortuous electronic data exchanges, which includes purchasing prescription drugs. As technology advances, the third generation will involve the use of complex health management programs and the managing of clinical information. (Douglass K., 1997), It will be challenging to regulate health care on the Internet.

Tennessee Williams: Author and Playwright :: Biography Biographies Essays

Tennessee Williams Author and Playwright Thomas Lanier Williams was born on March 26th, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. Williams wrote fiction and motion picture screenplays but is earlier acclaimed for his plays. Thomas was the first son and second child of Cornelius Coffin and Edwina Dakin Williams. He was named after his paternal grandfather and insisted to be called gobbler by the age of ten. His siblings embroil an older sister named Rose and a younger brother named Dakin. Williams spent a great deal of time with his sister Rose because she was not real stable, emotionally or mentally. Daryl E. Haley in one case said that Rose was emotionally disturbed and destined to spend most of her life in mental institutions. Tom was in the first place raised by his mother because his father was a traveling shoe salesman. Edwina Dakin Williams was the daughter of a minister and very all over protective of Thomas. She began to be over protective after he caught Diphtheria when he was five years old. His mother was also an aggressive woman caught up in her fantasies of genteel southern living. Amanda Wingfield, a character in his play The Glass Menagerie, was modeled after Williams mother. Cornelius Coffin Williams, Toms father, spent most of his time on the road. Cornelius came from a very prestigious family that include Mississippis very first governor and senator. Mr. Haley also states that Toms father was at turns distant and abusive, that is, when he was actually around. Toms father also repeatedly favored his younger brother Dakin over both of his older children. Big Daddy, in Toms play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, is modeled after his father. Thomas once said, in reference to his parents relationship, It was just a wrong marriage. From 1923 to 1926 Thomas attended Ben Blewette Junior High, and was at this time that some of his first stories were published in a local newspaper. Thomas Williams lived in Clarksdale, Mississippi for several years before moving to St. Louis in 1918 at the age of seven. At age sixteen Tom had his first brush with the publishing world when he won third place for his essay Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?. Besides winning third place, he also got five dollars from this National Essay Contest. In 1927, also at age sixteen, he published The Vengeance of Nitocris. In the fall of 1929 he attended the University of Missouri to study journalism.

Summary of Pirates of the Caribbean :: essays research papers

This story is about a boy named Jim Hawkins who lives at an inn that his mother and father run and watch over. So one general day, a pirate looking man walked into the door for somewhere to stay in for a couple of nights. This pirate looking man was called the captain greenback, because he never told the Hawkins family what his real name was. So every day the inn family would provide him with food and shelter and Rum. He would always drink to some(prenominal) rum and he would become every drunk and inconsiderate of others. Jims father was getting very sick as the cold winter came along and working so much while running the inn. He soon died and his wife and child had to take care of the inn by themselves. A day or two later Bill the captain had a stroke because of the amount of rum he had drank while he was with the Hawkins family in their inn. Soon as the captain kept on drinking he soon passed away. When he died, Jim and his mother look for a key to open his suitcase which they think they elicit get their money that Bill had owned them cause of his stay at the inn and the meals they provided for him. The found some interesting things in his ripped coat such as the key which they were looking for, and other materials that shipmates carry with them. They also square up a letter, and a treasure map, which they decide to take off for a journey to find the missing treasure that no other pirate or other human-being has come before. While on the road on the start of the journey they commemorate a lantern shinning about a decent couple feet away coming toward their direction. They were also looking for Bills treasure map that someone had disposed(p) him to look for the treasure, but soon stumbled upon him when they walked into the Hawkis inn and noticed he was executed. So the mad men walk away from the inn from nothing but dead bill. Jim and his mother walk to Mr. Trelanys house to tell him the news but the maid that answers his door, tells them that he is over the squires house. After the joy and exhilaration of the people that were going on this journey they found a ship and a couple new experienced ship mates.

A Feminist Rhetorical Tradition of Women Fighting For Their Right to Sp

The country is crying out for liberty and equality. Every man and woman has the sound to express his/her opinions, echoes Mariah S. Stewart, the first African-American female to speak amongst a mixed race and gender crowd. Since the very moment men dictated women to act as children, seen and not heard, fervent female voices refused the patriarchal oppression aimed at quelling the efforts of their female genders. With a social bless firmly placed in position and accepted in large by those in political and social power, women activists continued to work towards impeding the subjection, which denounced them as the weaker, unintellectual, unspiritual, less virtuous and unspoken sex. While some of these women used the power of Christianity as a vehicle to assert their concerns of womens lack of freedom, they simultaneously chastised men for condemning their gender as less righteous, which was essentially against Gods order. The prevalence of womens activist roots contextualizes women i n a cultural manifestation of societal change. By canvass a synopsis of some of the key figures in the anti-slavery agenda, womans war on race and sexism, womans fight for equality in religiosity and ministerial vocation, and more exclusively, the womens rights movement, we can identify in a historical tradition of rhetoric the preeminence of the female voice and her passionate declaration for individual rights to freedom and happiness Recognized as a contemporary, as well as contributor, to the leading philosophers, Plato, Socrates, Xenophon and Aristophanes of the Common Era, historians regard Aspasia of Miletus as a key figure in political and rhetorical theory. In Cheryl Glenns essay, Sex, Lies and Manuscript Refiguring Aspasia in the... ...ignificant to the womens movement, but also to contemporary scholarship where womens voices are often marginalized and silenced over their male counterparts. Challenging the contemporary academic and cultural scene forces women to regain t heir place in western rhetorical history while also urging women to be aware of the importance in writing themselves into history (Glenn 181). Willard speaks of the action women must take in order to persevere over female hardship she states, The world is wide, and I will not waste my life in friction when it could be turned into momentum. With these words, it is burning(prenominal) to consider that change is not met by stagnation of a voice, but instead it is initiated by passionate women who within their voices can reach a bulk of opposing listeners fearlessly and demand with great articulation that change must persist.

A Feminist Rhetorical Tradition of Women Fighting For Their Right to Sp

The country is crying out for liberty and equality. Every man and woman has the proper(ip) to express his/her opinions, echoes Mariah S. Stewart, the first African-American female to speak amongst a mixed race and gender crowd. Since the very moment men dictated women to act as children, seen and not heard, fervent female voices refused the patriarchal oppression aimed at quelling the efforts of their female genders. With a social drift firmly placed in position and accepted in large by those in political and social power, women activists continued to work towards impeding the subjection, which denounced them as the weaker, unintellectual, unspiritual, less virtuous and unarticulate sex. While some of these women used the power of Christianity as a vehicle to assert their concerns of womens lack of freedom, they simultaneously chastised men for condemning their gender as less righteous, which was essentially against Gods order. The prevalence of womens activist roots contextualizes women in a cultural manifestation of societal change. By tincture a synopsis of some of the key figures in the anti-slavery agenda, womans war on race and sexism, womans fight for equality in religiosity and ministerial vocation, and more exclusively, the womens rights movement, we can identify in a historical tradition of rhetoric the preeminence of the female voice and her enthusiastic declaration for individual rights to freedom and happiness Recognized as a contemporary, as well as contributor, to the leading philosophers, Plato, Socrates, Xenophon and Aristophanes of the Common Era, historians regard Aspasia of Miletus as a key figure in political and rhetorical theory. In Cheryl Glenns essay, Sex, Lies and Manuscript Refiguring Aspasia in the... ...ignificant to the womens movement, but also to contemporary scholarship where womens voices are often marginalized and silenced over their male counterparts. Challenging the contemporary academic and cultural scene forces women to regain their place in western rhetorical history while also urging women to be aware of the importance in writing themselves into history (Glenn 181). Willard speaks of the action women must take in order to persevere over female hardship she states, The world is wide, and I will not waste my life in friction when it could be turned into momentum. With these words, it is burning(prenominal) to consider that change is not met by stagnation of a voice, but instead it is initiated by passionate women who within their voices can reach a mass of opposing listeners fearlessly and demand with great articulation that change must persist.

Ethics and Regulation in the Professional Asset Management Industry

Ethics and Regulation in the Professional addition Management industry 11 December, 2011 Whenever a person is hired to perform a service or look after the interest of another, the question of rules for interactions and transactions manner arises. This is particularly important for the financial industry were portfolio managers whitethorn be entrusted with portfolio value of trillions of dollars , the inherent risks associated with financial investments and the fact that portfolio managers atomic number 18 often exposed to estimable conflicts.Hence, it is no rage that the financial industry is highly regulated to ensure that there is a minimum level of acceptable practice. Guidelines atomic number 18 built on two arms chunk legally enforceable regulations and ethical standards. Both follow the overall principle that portfolio managers will always act in the better(p) interest of their investors. Legal regulations are complex often with an interaction between state and feder al laws. At the very basic level they establish adequate disclosure of information relate to the investment process and provide anti-fraud protections.These cover aspects like documentation, reporting, fairness, timeliness and accuracy of information. At a more complex level, regulations cover specific investments types like for compositors case retirement / pension assets that have different risk management requirements. Following are the principal Securities Laws for the Asset management industry and their primary target drug user * Securities morsel of 1933 for security issuers * Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for security brokers * Investment Company Act of 1940 for mutual funds Investment Adviser Act of 1940 for advisors and private managers * Employee retreat Income Security Act (ERISA) for retirement asset managers and fiduciaries * Pension Protection Act of 2006 for pension fund sponsors and managers Several agencies / institutions are responsible to ensure these indust ry regulations are managed and followed * SEC U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the main federal agency) * U. S. Department of Labor (pension plans including 401 (k) plans) * NASDR National Association of Securities Dealer rules * U.S. Commodity and Futures Trading Commission * U. S familiar Revenue Services (tax policies) These financial regulations are the 1st leg of regulating investor/agent relationships and they provide the legally binding and enforceable framework of conduct. The 2nd leg comprises voluntary ethical behavior standards. They follow the same overall principle of investors come first but describe in much more lucubrate how the clients/investors interest must always take precedence over the interests of investment professionals and their employers. honest guidelines are the indispensable as they fill a void space. Policies and regulations whitethorn punish illegal behavior but cannot prevent such abuses from happening in the first correct. Also while s ome financial transactions may not have violated any laws but could still be to the disadvantage of investors because of unethical behavior. Thus, Ethical guidelines aim to establish a self-regulating, voluntary behavior to prevent abuses before happening and to provide guidance for aspects of financial transactions not covered by formal policies.Leading institute is the CFA, the Chartered monetary Analysts Institute https//www. cfainstitute. org/Pages/index. aspx, previously AIMR (Association for Investment Management and Research), which established a code of ethics for its members. Key elements are * act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect and in an ethical manner. * place integrity of the investment profession and interests of clients above own personal interests. * use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting investment analysis, recommendations and taking investment actions.This ethics code is complemented with precisely de fined conduct and actions that are acceptable (or unacceptable). The Centre of pecuniary Markets Integrity founded by the CFA has created a comprehensive Asset Manager Code of Professional Conduct providing more expand minimum standards for providing asset management services to clients. These standards extend the rules for individuals to those of entire investments firms. Of note, agents and companies strictly adhering to ethical standards may achieve higher trust and preference ratings from investors as wholesome as employees.Therefore, it is in the own interests of financial institutes and agents to be a CFA member and follow their ethics code. However and despite these wide-ranging regulations in place investors interests are not always followed. Two reason fall mostly in two categories 1) Ethical dilemmas these are situations where the investor interest evaluation is not straight forward, therefore posing an ethical dilemma for the agent. Examples include where an agent may occur expenses for costly ships company research or other expenses which may not be clearly to the benefit of the client. ) Guidelines must be put into daily practice. A policy by itself is not sufficient to achieve compliance. The responsibility is with the leadership of financial companies by creating a corporate culture that reinforces ethical behavior, by always leading with best example and by establishing a regulatory compliance framework with capability trainings, frequent internal communication, and by strict enforcement. Closing remarks Much progress has been do in updating and raising the standards of legislation to be more comprehensive and to avoid a repetition of historical financial crisis.However, no matter how detailed regulations may be the question really boils down to staying true both the spirit and the letter of the law. (Carlo V. di Florio) This is the reason why ethical codes such as provided by CPA are a critical complement to legal regulations as they pro vide behavioral guidelines. In fact, efforts are being made to make the ethical behavior standards legally mandatory. 913 study submitted in 2011 for the Dodd-Frank act as well as FINRA and the code framework itself is in a constant process of updates and elaboration (e. . the Shingle theory). This is encouraging and will provide further guidance how to put the investors interests first. The investor is playing an important role in the process as well Being very specific about individual investment priorities, by selecting only CPA proven financial partners and, last not least, by staying in close contact with the agent to ensure the steady flow of information. After all asset ownership also carries the owner responsibilities. References Brown,C. , & Reilly, F. K. (2009).Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. (9 ed. ). Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. Carlo V. di Florio, director of the U. S. SECs Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE). downloaded on 08 Decemb er 2011, http//blogs. cfainstitute. org/marketintegrity/2011/11/30/fatally-flawed-compliance-without-ethics-in-the-investment-industry/ Carlo di Florio, Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation, Nov 25-2011, downloaded on 08 December, http//blogs. law. harvard. du/corpgov/2011/11/25/compliance-and-ethics-in-risk-management/ 913 Study Study on Investment Advisers and Broker-Dealers as Required by Section 913 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act (January 2011), downloaded on 8 December 2011 http//www. sec. gov/news/studies/2011/913studyfinal. pdf Jon Stokes Fatally Flawed Compliance without Ethics in the Investment Industry (30 November 2011) Enterprise Risk Management- Integrated Framework, military commission of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (September 2004)

Review of The Odyssey by Homer

Throughout history, women have been expected to behave a certain adult malener in order to uphold some kind of ideal image. The woman is expected to be a virtuous and upright person, forever loyal and instrumental to her husband. However eon history adheres to this common image of the woman, a very different mold is shaped for the man. This establishes a reprize knowd between the dickens genders. The dictionary defines the term double standard as a system, code, or criterion applied unequally proper(postnominal)ally a code of behavior that is stricter for women than for men, especially in matters of sex (Agnes et al. 29). This phrase defines womens history, as women are constantly viewed under different guidelines and principles than their male counterparts.Written by Homer, the epic poem entitled The Odyssey epitomizes the idea of the double standard in Ancient Greek society. It revolves around the subject of promiscuous behavior in the knowledgeable sense, as males engag ed in the behavior while females were expected to abstain from it. The idea of knowledgeable promiscuity in The Odyssey creates an unfair double standard between its male and female characters.The difference of accepted sexual behavior between gods and goddesses is exemplified in an angry speech given to the gods by the goddess Calypso. When Hermes informs her that the prisoner Odysseus must return home, Calypso becomes frustrated. Oh you vile gods, in jealousy aeriform You hate it when we choose to lie with men immortal flesh by some dear mortal side Then Demeter of the tasseled tresses yielded to Iasion, mingling and qualification love in a furrow three times plowed but Zeus found out and killed him with a white-hot thunderbolt (Homer 5. 24). In this passage, Calypso points out the fact that the male gods can engage in promiscuous behavior. However when the goddesses try to involve themselves in the same activities, they face persecution by their counterparts.The gods disappro ve so much that they resort to murder as a type of negative reinforcement, discouraging the goddesses from such sexual acts. Calypsos ability to refer to specific past instances of this behavior proves that the tendency to place women under different guidelines than men exists.The fact that Calypso could cite more than one occurrence of the double standard shows that the goddesses were not allowed to engage in such activity, and that this was at the fault of their male counterparts, who were allowed to participate in such sexual looseness. In this speech she outwardly scrutinizes the norms of society, deeming them as hypocritical. This difference in standard concerning sexual promiscuity is present in the highest class of Greek culture, the gods, which is proof enough of its prevalence. The Odyssey highlights this idea further by intercommunicate the ideas onto not just immortal beings, but mortal beings as well.Odysseus is a prime example. Although he claims loyalty to his wife ge nus Penelope, Odysseus does not hesitate to submit to the Greek goddess desire for him. Calypso did nothing to conceal her longing for Odysseus when she held him captive on her island. Stranded, Odysseus spent many years with the Greek goddess and he lay with her each night, for she compelled him (Homer 5. 163). contempt the fact that Calypso required him to sleep with her on a regular basis, nothing in the text indicates that Odysseus literally did just that. An analysis of the circumstances border this situation suggests otherwise.Calypso, a forever young and beautiful goddess, wants to have sexual relations with Odysseus. Although he is a married man, he is still a man by nature. No one can deny the universal fact that men have an inherent need for sex. The text remains ambiguous towards the situation, which in itself alludes to the notion that he did indeed have intercourse with Calypso, despite the fact that Penelope awaited his return. On the other hand, nothing in the text indicated that Penelope was at all sexually promiscuous during the time apart from her husband, suggesting that she remained faithful.Another example of sexually promiscuous behavior can be found in Book Ten, when Odysseus and his crew happen upon the island of the goddess Circe, who turns the crew into pigs. She and Odysseus reach a compromise in which he consented to enter Circes flawless bed of love (Homer 10. 390). The pact seems almost unserviceable to Odysseus, since the text inputs nothing to indicate any feelings of guilt over betraying Penelope, who back in Ithaca remained faithful to him by continually snubbing her suitors. This situation shows the different expectations of men and women regarding their sexual behavior.In both incidences, Odysseus seems hypocritical due to the fact that his actions do not coincide with his claim to remain loyal to his wife. Through him, The Odyssey projects the idea of promiscuity as an acceptable act for only the male characters of the e pic tale. In The Odyssey, women were discouraged by society to become sexual promiscuous while men were allowed to bobble their sexual impulses. Homers projection of this theme to both immortal and mortal beings makes it apparent that it was a societal norm. As with many aspects of Greek culture, this too has also been neutered into modern day society.President Bill Clinton did not receive nearly as much criticism for his affair with Monica Lewinsky as Britney Spears did for her activities following her breakup with Justin Timberlake. animadversion fell upon Spears despite the fact that there was no substantial proof of sexual promiscuity on her part, and while Clintons was quite apparent, he did not receive the same amount of backlash. The double standard regarding sexual promiscuity is a subject that has lasted from Ancient Greece, documented in The Odyssey, up until the present date, documented in todays popular culture.

Soft Skills For Success

Author information GRK Murty, a postgraduate in rural sciences with CAIIB, DM and PG Diploma in Personnel Management and Industrial Relations, is currently working for The ICFAI University, as Associate Dean. Earlier, he worked at AP Agricultural University, Hyderabad for six old age and later with Bank of India for 27 years. He had a stint at Bank of India Management Development Institute, Mumbai as a faculty member and Vice- Principal. He took voluntary retirement as Asst. global Manager in the year 2000.He has published around 45 papers in Science, Banking, Management and Insurance journals. He has also presented papers on Banking and Insurance at National and International seminars. He has published 100 articles in finance and HR magazines. He has to his credit two edited books Forex Markets Exchange Rate Dynamics and Derivatives Markets Vol 1. He is the Consulting Editor for the ICFAI Journal of Bank Management. The Book There is a popular belief that in todays fast changing and challenging business environment, fleecy skills are to a greater extent critical for success than hard skills.This is a misconception. The reality is that it has ever been that way Nobody in history ever succeeded in delivering a great executive and business performance consistently through hard skills alone. General and widespread awareness of the tremendous importance of nutty skills in management is, of course, a more recent phenomenon. As the world has become more and more competitive in recent decades, organizations are finding that under-productivity and incompetence of their personnel are becoming less and less affordable.And when the factors determining employee effectiveness are analyzed, umteen organizations find glaring inadequacies in soft skills, undermining the effectiveness of their smartest, hardest working and most knowledgeable employees/executives. The managers concerned would not collect been recruited in the first place for their soft skills at the rec ruitment stage, their domain knowledge alone would have been oecumenically tested and retested. Nor would they have received any particularly meaningful training afterward in soft skills improvement, because until recently, soft skills seldom received the attention they deserved.Most organizations worked on the premise that soft skills are inherited skills and they cannot be acquired. At best, they can provided be cultivated, honed or fine-tuned along the way in a managerial or executive career through observation and commence. In the actual experience of many organizations, such hopes seem to have been significantly belied, inevitably warranting resort, in recent decades, to a more professional approach for the enrichment of this critically important managerial input within the organization.The imperatives of competitiveness pushed organizations to give increased attention to the soft skills of their people, which seemed to really script the success of organizations better than mere hard skills. The problem has been extensively discussed and researched upon, resulting in the emergence of a tout ensemble lot of literature on the subject in the last couple of decades. A lot of work has been through with(p) on the assessment of soft skills and on the various measures for improvements in the levels of such skills across the cadres in many progressive organizations.Soft Skills for Success by GRK Murty, discusses the whole gamut of soft skills in a lucid, persuasive and self-explanatory fashion, between the covers of a well-written, 200-page volume. The discussion is intended for the lay reader and is quite free from jargon. Even so, the book is comprehensive without being pedantic. By drawing generously upon the views, ideas and thoughts of a wide spectrum of management experts, academics and business magnates and matching them with the traditional wisdom of the prescriptions of oriental and occidental scriptures and classics, the book invests itself with b elievability and authority.The author organizes the book in four ingredients. The first section titled Know Thyself introduces the reader to a definition and description of soft skills. The second section focuses on role, role perception and the management of role-conflicts in the work situation. It has a chapter exclusively dedicated to the discussion of creativity in the workplace. The third section on Communication and Personality Differentiation offers cogent and well argued essays on communication skills, listening skills and negotiating skills, in separate chapters.The fourth and final section is dedicated to social skills. The six interesting chapters in this section deal with issues like assertiveness, handling of interpersonal conflicts, counseling, leadership, mentoring, etc. Criticism The author provides a systematic and uncomplicated treatment of the various topics taken up for coverage. The book is compact without being dense, and takes the reader through a guided tou r of the soft skills domain.It is an interesting and informative excursion. inclined the importance of the subject matter of the book to the aspirants in the employment market as also to those already pursuing careers in management (adequately equipped with detach hard skills for jobs but looking out for reinforcement of soft skills), and given the orderly and stimulating manner in which the subject has been presented, it can fairly and safely be predicted that the book would see several reprints in the years to come.Conclusion Soft Skills are intangible, hard to define but thats what makes us a whole human being, a social individual. Successful people are always found to be not just professional but they also have these PLUS qualities soft skills that others do not posses

Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Essay

Every single person has a personality that is unique to their persona, albeit they may look identical in appearance such as twins. Theories take a leak been developed and fine-tuned throughout the last two centuries, and most notably by some of the more(prenominal) well-known psychologists of the last century. Alfred alder, Carl Jung, and perhaps the most cited of the three theorizers is Sigmund Freud, pull together three of the most noteworthy psychologists. Freuds, Alders, and Jungs theories may seem similar in several ways, moreover they are quite distinct from angiotensin-converting enzyme another.Psychoanalytic TheoriesFreud characterizes the personality into three segments which are the id, ego and superego (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Freud argued that the id, a Latin word or it, was the very basic instincts and motivations (often called impulses) with which humans, like animals, are born with. The id, playing on the pleasure principle, reduces its inner tension by sat isfying its desires. The ego, also known as the I, acting upon the accreditedity principle, aims to plan, act, and adopt to solve real issues that arise in the reality of this world. The ego fly the coops to consistently place in check the desires and motivations of the id. The superego, also known as the over I, is the realization of social structure that has been set in place by the parental units and entities of the social community. The superego has witting and unconscious moral forces that is similar to the conscience, but the superego follows ethical guidelines unconsciously (2012). Alders guess was more complex than that of Freud, whose id was focused on the pleasure principle and cozyity. Instead, Alder theorized that the personality stressed unique motivations of each person and the souls apparent role in the social order (Friedman & Schustack, 2012).Alder went on to develop the foundation for the identification of the superiority complex, inferiority complex,organ in feriority, onslaught drive, and masculine protest to name a few. Like the Freudian theory, the Jungian theory is also separates the human psyche into three different parts the conscious ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Jungs conscious ego is similar to Freuds ego, however Jung believed that the ego was the conscious personality and represents the sense of anes self. The personal unconscious is host to the feelings and thoughts that are not part of ones cognizant awareness. The collective unconscious is a more big(a) level of unconsciousness that entails emotional symbols known as archetypes.Jung referred to archetypes as the embodiment of interpersonal emotional reactions of repetitive events (2012). I combine with Alders theory that the personality stresses motivations that are unique to each person. I also agree with Freuds theory that the ego is consistently placing the id in a reality check. However, I do not agree wi th Freuds thoughts on humans being born with basic instincts such as those of animals. Furthermore, I do not agree in Jungs theory of collective unconsciousness.Stages of Freuds TheoryThe symbolises of Freuds personality theory are oral, anal, phallic, latency period, and genital stages (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). According to Freud, the oral stage is driven the need to satisfy hunger and thirst. While some infants quickly move past the weaning and focus their libido into other challenges, others develop an oral fastener that may result in issues with attachment, dependency, and perhaps even substance abuse. The anal stage occurs mainly when the child is two to three years old and learns self-possession over their bowel movements (2012). Some children learn this self-control early on leading to a healthy aspect of their personality. However, children fixated on the anal stage tend to overlearn it or fight attempts to manage their bowel movements which may lead to passive-aggres siveness, obstinacy, or stinginess in their adulthood. The phallic stage normally occurs by age six and is when sexual energy is fixated on the genitals (2012).In analyzing themselves, children explore with gender identity and masturbation. However, a fixation in this stage may lead to an Oedipus Complex, in which the male child conflicts with the father and attaches with the mother, or Penis Envy, in which a girl ponders why shedoes not have a penis and attaches to the father. According to Freud, the latency period usually occurs between ages six and eleven. This is a period of the childhood that Freud believed was not significant to the childs personality (2012). Instead, he believed that it was when sexual urges were not directly expressed, but rather channeled into daily activities. Lastly, the genital stage is when the child has reached adolescence, usually after age 12. It is in this stage that a non-fixated adolescent will live a well-adjusted adult life of courtship, marria ge, and parenting. However, deviant experiences during childhood potentially produce a variety of personality issues as an adult (2012).Freudian Defense MechanismsRepression is a self-renunciation mechanism that thrusts hostile or frightening thoughts into the unconscious (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). One of these types of repression is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Many of our military veterans are returning home with this sometimes debilitating condition. During a flight operation over Afghanistan a plane carrying 23 military personnel is shot repeatedly causing integrity issues to the fuselage. Although no one is injured, having to do emergency landing and repair before enemy troops can locate them can have life-lasting issues. Denial is a defense mechanism that causes reality to seem untrue, despite overwhelming facts or evidence (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). A parent comes home to find their young adult child with a syringe in their arm, unconscious, and unresponsive, calls 911. When asked by police, the parents deny any drug use or social issues, and add that their child was always a good kid. version is a defense mechanism that shifts the burden of an individuals fears and desires upon someone or something else (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). A drunk father comes home, steps on a toy, and uses his boot to beat his 10 year old boy. The boy then goes to school the next day and bullies the smaller kids. In this case, the father and the son both displaced their pettishness and frustrations on others. Sublimation is a defense mechanism that enables us to act out unacceptable thoughts or impulses through adequate behavior (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Someone that is angry or frustrated may choose to go to the gym and get a rigorous workout, thereby releasing that anger or frustration.ConclusionFreud, Adler, and Jung were psychologists that shared a similar belief and passion in deciphering personality concept. However, they also disagreed on the fun damentals of such personality constructs. Freud believed that the personalities developed through psychosexual development. Whereas, Adler believed in the more complex development through individual psychology. Even so, Jung believed in a deeper level of the psyche that involved emotional archetypes. Each of these theories has provided great progress in upstart psychology and understanding of the personalities of each individual. While each of the theories may have flaws, each of the theories has its own merits that are noteworthy.ReferenceFriedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality Classic theories and modern research (5th ed.). Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon.

Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants Essay

The code provides a conceptual framework approach to the application of the fundamental principles of overlord conduct1. wholenessHonest and trust.Ac itemizeants must(prenominal) non be associated with bulgeputs that contain materially false or mis deuce-aceing statements contain info furnished recklesslyomit or obscure nurture where such would be misleading2. objectivityMust be impartial, honest and free from conflicts of interest Intrinsically conjugated to independence, professional independence is seen to be a subset of integrity and objectivity.3. professional competence and out-of-pocket c argonMaintain professional knowledge and skillApply practical application4. confidentiality5. professional behaviorthe conceptual framework approach adopted in the Code is principles-based, setting forth the principles as well as rules of conduct.ThreatsSelf-interest threatsSelf-review threatsprotagonism threats promoting a position or opinion that compromises objectivity Familiar ity threats a close relationship where one becomes too sympathetic to others Intimidation threats actual or comprehend and is a deterrent from acting objectively An intimidation threat to an accounts objective or competence and due care whitethorn snarf where the accountant ispressured by a client. Normative theories of ethicsNormative theories of ethicsNormative Theories of ethicsTeleological consequentialRight from wrong is determined from results or consequences of a decision or action Identify consequences ( represents and benefits) for each alternative course of action Compare the ratio of costs and benefits (both economically and morally)Make a decisionDeontological non-consequential and rule deontology Consequences are irrelevant The important is the intention to do the remedy thing or the motivation to be earn fittingly flowing from a sense of duty. One dose the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do regardless the consequencesEgoism A right or acceptab le decision is one that maximises net dogmatic benefits to oneself. Can be restricted if self-interest is pursued within the integrity and fair competition Utilitarianism Does non point on oneself A right decision is one that produces the greatest to the greatest number of peopleRights A decision go out only be respectable if its intentions do non often the rights of stakeholders Rights include legal, press outual, special, particular, natural and constitutional rights ProcessIdentify the rights particular to the stakeholderEnsure the decision is accordant with respecting such rightsJustice Focuses on distri only ifive justness which refers to the fair and equal dispersion of benefits and burdens ProcessIdentify the benefits and burdensAssign the benefits and burdens to the various stakeholdersDecide whether the destruction of benefits and burdens is fair and equal Aristotle on justice Equals should be treated equally and unequals should be treated unequally.M 3Types of directorsDirectors Board of directorsNot involved in day-to-day decision-making (AWA ltd v Daniels) Must ensure procedures are in place to ensure major operational issues are brought to its attention,Directors interdependentNon- unaffiliated directors Can be executive directorsIndependent Directors gratuitous from any influence which would bias the decisions Free from any connections Should not been paid according to accomplishment achieved Not involved in the business on a day-to-day basis Still required to demonstrate a duty of care, however may not equal to an executive director with professional qualificationsexecutive directors Occupying and hold an office as an executive in the caller Will never be independent Can be paid on carrying out baseNon-independent non-executive directors Should not been paid according to performance achievedDuties of directors (4.62) Avoid conflicts of interest and where these exist, ensure they are appropriately declared and, as required by law, otherwise managed flushly bit in the best interests of the corporation (the nominee director must always act in the best interests of the corporation and use their intellect only for proper purposes when making a decision on shape up to which they abide been appointed as a director) Retain discretionary posts and avoid designate the directors responsibility Exercise provides for proper purposes (act within their power do not abuse their power) do with care, skill, and diligence (the standard of care will be divers(prenominal) for a director with professional qualifications and a non-executive director) Be deposeed approximately the corporations operationsCommittees of the board 3.19Purpose enkindle the effectiveness of the board, and particularly of non-executive directors. Enable the distribution of workload to allow a more detailed consideration to be given to important matters Provide an independent perspective in relation to issues which involve confli cts of interest It do not reduce the responsibility of the board as a whole and care of necessity to be taken to ensure that all concerned understand their functions The board of directors is still unlimitedly responsible for(p) for decisions made by sub citizens charges The delegation of duties enables examination of issues in great detail and discussion of issues in the absence of counseling Requires written terms of reference for each subcommittee and procedures for subjecting to the full board move out for certain situations where canvas committees are compulsory, it is up to boards to determine whether to have the committees and, if so, which committees are established.Committee lynchpin role(s)MembershipRisk managementEnsure certain risk is assessed, understood and appropriately managed OECDdose not make specific recommendations about committees NominationRecommending the succession procedures within an organization Appropriate to include executive directorsMajority of independent directors ( UK FRC CGC) wagesDeal with net profit-especially for senior executivesPreferable to not include executive directorsFor extensive companies, at to the lowest degree 3 independent non-executive directors (UK FRC VFV) AuditFinancial reporting and size up mattersOversight of intragroup lockOnly non-executive directors, with volume existence independent, independent chair, at to the lowest degree 3 members Only independent directors (Sarbanes-Oxley Act)For larger companies, at to the lowest degree 3 independent non-executive directors and at least one member with recent and relevant monetary experience (UK FRC CGC)Reports on Corporate GovernanceReportKey focusCountryCadbury (1992)Best practice recommendations for board and committee structures comply or explain if a company chose not to comply with a governing body recommendation, the company had to identify the noncompliance and then explain it to shareowners UKGreenbury (1995)Directors net profit Additional recommendations designed to enhance transparency in relation to directors remuneration UKHampel (1998)Replaced the Cadbury and Greenbury worksupercode, adopted into the listing rules on the London Stock Exchange UKHiggs (2003)Non-executives directorsUKSmith (2003)Audit committeeUKCOSO 3.351994 Internal authorization a process designed to provide resonable assumption regarding the achievement of objectivesCalPERS (pension fund investor)Describe the type of boldness it expects to see from companies USSarbanes-Oxley Act (2002)Strengthened audit requirements, increased financial revelations and requires mgmt certification of internal controls USHilmer (1993)Improving board cheek to enhance company performanceAUSBosch (1995)Corporate Practices and Conduct, a report of the committee chaired by Henry Bosch AUSRamsay (2001)Produced by a committee chaired by Ian RamsayExamined the adequacy of Australian legislative and professional requirements regarding the independence of e xternal auditors and made recommendations for changes Did not recommend a ban on the homework of non-audit run to audit clients. Instead, he recommened that the revelation requirements be enhanced. AUSHarris (1997)3.43Four guiding principles that should be employed to achieve more effective governance by boards in the human race sectors. AUSUhrig (2003)3.43Considered the existing governance arrangements for statutory authoritiesfinding a number of opportunities for improvement. The report also found a escape of effective governance for several(prenominal) of the authorities due to a range of factors. Lack of board experience and expertise, together with the potential for conflicts of interests, are impediments to good performance. Limited powers of the board to a statutory body when compared to the private sector.AUSAudit reformProhibit auditors to perform certain non-audit servicesRotate of audit partners after 5 yearsCorporate functionEach company must establish an audit com mittee drawn from members of the board of directors. The members of the audit committee must be independent. CEOs and CFOs must certify that the financial reports filed with the SEC do not contain untrue statements or material omissions Financial disclosures and loansCertain personal loans by a corporation to its executives are proscribe Annual reports filed with the SEC must state that mgmt is responsible for the internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting, and include mgmts assessment of the effectiveness of those internal control structures and proceduresCalPERSAn institutional investor which uses its considerable power as a provider of capital to force corporate governance improvements as it deems appropriate. Minimum standard to which markets throughout the workd should rive in order to attract its funds.Public SectorAustralia 2003 ASX CGC Recommendations (revised in 2007 and 2010)If not, why not principle, and requires existence of audit committee in Au stralian top d listed companies. 2004 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) 9Key changes include audit reform and financial reporting. ASX CGC normals and Recommendations 2010 (If not, why not principle) In 2003 ASX produced a list of best practice principles and recommendations on corporate governance and updated them in 2007 (when the term best practice was removed from the title) and 2010. ASX CGC 2007 recommends audit, remuneration and nomination committees. These are and so subject to the if not why not rule. Audit committee is mandatory for top 500 companies in Australia. For top 300 companies, composition of audit committee is also cookd in mandatory terms minimum 3 members, all non-executive directors, majority to be independent, and independent chair who is NOT Board Chair. PrincipleKey aspectsLay solid foundations for management and oversightRole and responsibilities of board and management should be established and disclosed Structure the board to add appra iseComposition and size of board to discharge its responsibilities and duties Promote ethical and responsible decision-makingEstablishment of a code of conduct and diversity policySafeguard integrity in financial reportingAudit committee to safeguard the integrity of financial reporting by the company Make timely and balanced disclosureDisclosure of all material matters affecting the companyRespect the rights of shareholdersFacilitate the effective exercise of shareholder rightsRecognize and manage risksRisk oversight and management systems internal controlsRemunerate fairly and responsiblyLevel and composition of remuneration link to performance4) International OECD Principles of Corporate GovernanceFeb 2010 OECD commentary noted the brilliance on issues of remuneration, risk management, board practices and exercise of shareholder rights, given the catastrophic performance observed from GFC. BRT 2010 Principles and the US practice are perhaps part of the reason for OECDs lack of a ny imperative statements on the issue that chairman and CEO should not be the same person.International perspectives on corporate governanceMarket based system of governanceEmphasises competition and market processesRelationship-based system of governanceEmphasise cooperative relationship and consensusMost established the US and the UK bind great influence on the rest of the worldHistorical strength of the US and UK capital marketsGrowth of their investment institutionsAdopted by Australia and New ZealandRelies on the representation of interests on the board of directorsLong-term large shareholders give the company a degree of protection from both the stockmarket and the threat of takeover Widespread legality ownership among individuals and institutional investors, with institutions often having large shareholdings Institutions including insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual funds. A supervisory board for the oversight of management, where banks play an active role, inter- corporate shareholdings are far-flung and, often, companies haves close ties to political elitesShareholder interests as the primary focus of company lawAn emphasis on minority shareholder protection in securities law and polity Insider groups supervise management that often acts under their controlStringent disclosure requirementsDisclosure based market since numerous investors depend on opening to reliable and adequate stateation flows to make informed investment decisions. The agency problem of the market-based system is much less of a problem in the relation-based control The role of the banks is less centralCorporations often have arms length relations of equity markets Corporate finance in such countries is extremely dependent upon banks, with companies having high debt to equity ratios Banks often have complex and long-standing relationships with corporations (can be debtors and shareholders at the same time) The market-based system assumes full disclosure of information, strict adherence to art rules and a liquid stock market. The insider system is based on a deeper but more selective exchange of information among insiders It is hard for institutional investors to deceive their shares when they are unhappy with the management or board, they become more engaged with companies they are investing in.US MarketThe board of directors is entrusted with an important responsibility to supervise the company on behalf of shareholders. It is reciprocal for the chair of the board and the CEO to be the same person CommitteesPurpose to enhance the oversight function of boards and limit the powers of CEOs. Tasks the remuneration of executive directorsNomination of new board membersKey decisions in respect of auditingMany large investors closely monitoring device the corporate governance practices, however, in practice, shareholder in the US possesses limited power to appoint or remove directorsDifferences among European countriesCompany law is embedded in di fferent and often anomalous political cultural and social traditions. Different groups of people have the right to elect the members of the supervisory board. Articulate the purpose of corporate governance in different ways. Laws and regulations relating ti the equitable treatment of shareholders including minority rights in takeovers and other transactions, vary significantly among countries. Different corporate board structures exist.Variations in disclosure requirements and the resulting differences in information provided to investors are a potential impediment to a single European equity market.Ger galore(postnominal)Relationship-based nature in which all interested stakeholders are able to monitor corporate performanceFranceFrance and Italy are the European countries with the smallest ownership of company shares by financial institutions. The majority of shares traditionally have been owned by non-financial enterprises, which reflect and voluptuous structure of cross and cir cular ownership. In France, half the firms are controlled by one single investor who owns the absolute majority of capital.Asian approaches of relationship-based systemsSignificant national differences in corporate governance policy and practice, and many countries are still engaged in a process of institutional development Government-controlled organisations perform roles that are unchanging with the broad social aims of the government, and their governance structure and processes reflect heavy government influence and control. Most companies in Asia either have a majority shareholder or a cohesive group of minority shareholders who act together to control the company. Companies with widely dispersed ownership are rare in Asia, consequently it is difficult to protect the rights of minority shareholders. The boards of directors of companies in Asia often serve a nominal andsometimes superficial role. Disclosure and transparency are often minimal, making it more difficult for regul atory authorities to take action. The lack of institutional shareholders and fund managers reduces the extent of external monitoring by powerful institutions. all told countries concerned are committed to a reform of corporate governance due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis.JapanThe formal legal features of the Japanese corporate governance system resemble those in most other advanced industrial countries (Corporate law in Japan was modelled on the German System). In Japan, the board plays a more strategic and decision-making role, and is drawn from the ranks of management who are employed by the company. Thus, in the West, the board members are outsiders representing the shareholders in Japan, the board members are insiders leading management. As a result, the role of Japanese boards may be considered superficial both in supervising the executive management and in responsibility for the company. Problem in that respect is a tendency for the size of boards to grow as more manage rs need to be rewarded.Ownership structurekeiretsus essentially sets of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings. The major keiretsus are centred on one bank. Each bank has significant control over the companies in the keiretsus and acts as a monitoring entity and as an emergency bail-out entity. Advantage denigrate the incidence of hostile takeoversDisadvantage corporate control being restrictedCase studies of governance failureEnronAsset-lite companies unencumbered by physical assets and heavily dependent on their intangible assets. SPEs allow the main Enron business to apparently expand without incurring increasing on-balance sheet debt.HIHFailure inadequate corporate governance checks and balances lack of financial and managerial diligence and control and a misconceived and complacent strategyWeaknesses apparent in different casesThe risk management systems have failed in many cases due to corporate governance procedures rather than the inadequacy of computer models alone. Boards had approved strategy but then did not establish suitable metrics to monitor its implementation. Company disclosures about foreseeable risk factors and about the systems in place for monitoring and managing risk have also left a lot to be desired. Accounting standards and regulatory requirements have also proved insufficient in some areas leading the relevant standard setters to undertake a review. Remuneration systems have in a number of cases not been closely related to the strategy and risk appetite of the company and its longer term interests.UK FRC CGC section A leadA.1.1 The board should meet sufficiently regularly to discharge its duties effectively. A.1.2 The annual report should identify the chairman, the deputy chairman, the chief executive, the senior independent director and the chairman and members of the board committees. A.2.1 operationalises the A.2 principles by stating that the CEO and chair should not be the same person.Main princip les application comply or explainSection B EffectivenessB.1.2 Except for smaller companies, at least half the board, excluding the chairman, should comprise non-executive directors determined by the board to be independent. A smaller company should have at least two independent non-executive directors. B.2.1 states that in that location should be a nominationcommittee which should lead the process for board appointments and make recommendations to the board. This committee should have a majority of independent directors, and it apparent that executive directors may be on this committee. The committee should be chaired by an independent director or the board Chair. B.2.3 identifies that non-executive directors should be considered carefully after they have completed six years service on the board. B.3 Directors should be able to spend enough time to do the job properly and that appointment procedures should identify the expected commitment. B.4 Directors are appropriately informed upon joining the board through a proper induction program and by provision of appropriate ongoing training. B.5 Directors who make decisions without adequate information are in breach of their duties. (Company Secretary and the Chair, as well as all directors) B.6 The board is responsible fro evaluating its own performance and the performance of the committees. B.7 Controversially, regular re-election to the board for all directors should, in large companies, be conducted as frequently as annually according to B.7.1Section C AccountabilityC.1 The board should present a balanced and understandable assessment of the companys position and prospects. C.2 The board must select and define the risk appetite of the company, and it must plan strategies and operations accordingly. C.3.1 An audit committee should be formed and that its membership should meet the requirements. 1. members should be independent no-executive directors 2. for smaller companies, at that place should be at least tw o and, for larger companies, at least three, independent directors on the audit committee. 3. in smaller companies, the board chair may be on the audit committee but may not chair the committee. 4. At least one member of the audit committee should have recent and relevant financial experience. C.3.2 The main role and responsibilities of the audit committee should be set our in written terms of reference. C.3.4 Audit committee is the mean by which whistleblowing is correctly managed although the term is not use in the code C.3.5 The audit committee should ensure appropriate decisions are made about internal audit functions.Section D RemunerationD.1 Remuneration should be sufficient to attract the right people to be directors but should not be excessive. Recommendations regarding the remuneration directors, and especially the performance-related remuneration of executive directors, is key work to be undertaken by the remuneration committee. D.1.4 Remuneration committee should carefu lly consider remuneration commitments related to early termination and poor performance. D.2.1 The board should establish a remuneration committee comprised of independent non-executive directors. Must comprised of at least two persons fro smaller companies and at least three for larger companies. D.2.4 Shareholders should be invited to approve new executive incentive schemes and changes to existing schemes D.2.3 Non-executive remuneration should be determined by the board or by the shareholders. If permitted by the company constitution, the board may delegate this work to a committee which might include the CEO.Section E Relations with shareholdersE.1 Dialogue should lead to mutual understanding of objectives. E.2 Boards need to make sure that all shareholders are informaed about annual general meetings and have proper information and the proper hazard to vote.M 4Shareholder conceptThe principal focus of our discussion in this module is on the Anglo-American derivative duties app roach to stakeholders. Competitors are treated as stakeholders, stakeholders can also be environment.Agency theory and delegated powersAgency relationship a contract under which one or more persons engage some other person to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximisers, there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interest of the principal.Assumptions underlying agency theoryAll individuals will act in their own self-interest. With potential conflict of interest between the principal and the agent, the agent will tend to act first in ways that will maximise their own personal circumstances Agents are in a position that allows them to further their own interests including at the expense of the principals, as a result of the decision-making power they have been granted and the fact that agents have better access to and control of the information.DelegationDelegation is available unless the corporations constitution provides otherwise. It is common practice for boards to delegate day-to-day operational powers to the CEO but not extensive strategic decision-making powers.Agency theory costs rest period loss any loss or cost or under-performance arising from theses decisions or actions by the agent, represents a residual loss of hold dear to the principals.Overconsumption of perks (perquisites or perks are parenthetic benefits gained in addition to income) Def the use of such benefits in ways that exceeds expected levels. Effect reduce both profitability and cash flow available for distribution to shareholders.Empire buildingDef acts by management to increase their power and influence in a company for reasons associated with personal satisfaction, including, but not limited to, large financial rewards for having a bigger job. Effect such personal aggrandisement may have little or no congruence with company p rofitability or success.Risk avoidanceDef minimise the downside risk that may affect their continued employment. Effect the organisation may therefore underachieve, with higher returns forgone, representing a loss of jimmy to the shareholders.Differing timehorizonsAny management approach that is inconsistent with shareholders interest will demonstrate a lack of interest alignment or goal congruence. It can be caused by managers self-interest (only current year performance or performance during fix duration), or misunderstand between shareholders and managers. observe CostsIncurred by principals.Compulsory annual reporting and external auditingDiscretionary construct and analyse activities according to a strategic or Balanced bill of fareBonding CostsFully borne by the agent, not the principal.Many costs may be conceptual rather than dollar costs.Restrictions on freedoms are bond costs borne by agents.Remuneration issuesBoth payment for work undertaken and for additional rewards t hat, in agency relationship, ideally will relate to identified superior performance that recognises and encourages goal-congruent behaviour by the agent.Non-executive directorsShould not be paid according to performance achieved.Executive directorsKey focus of the non-executive directors who form the remuneration committee New regulation came into place after the Global financial crisis to ensure that remuneration committees should not have executives as members.Has an important role in ensuring that agents are correctly pay fortheir performance and to motivate them to achieve goal congruence. Remuneration structure should not be designed so that self-seeking executives could damage corporations Executives should receive performance payments that are carefully structured. Disclosure and transparencyEmployees and ConsumersNew Australian Consumer Law protections against misleading potential employees. Whistleblower laws and rules that are becoming very important internationally Laws that continue legal and other damage to employees (and others) who appropriately del with suspicions of wrongdoing inside organizations Precise rules must be followed if protection is to apply to the whistleblowers.In Aus, the Corporations Act protects an employee ifThey report to the right (listed) people onlyThey are not anonymous andThey are not acting maliciously.Consumers and customersUnconscionable ConductProtect customers and business consumers where powerful parties to a contract use that power in ways that are sufficiently unfair as to be recognized as unconscionable. Parol evidence additional words between the parties could not change the clear meaning of a written and signed contract. Dowsett v. Reid (1925) 15 CLR 695 the parol evidence should not apply because of the overall unfairness in the case. commercial-grade Bank of Australia v. Amadio (1983) Relief on the ground of unconscionable conduct will be granted when unconscientiously advantage is taken of an innocent caller whose will is overborne so that it is not independent and voluntary, just as it will also be granted when such advantage is taken of an innocent party who though not deprived of an independent and voluntary will, is unable to make a worthwhile judgment as to what is in his best interests. Tests for unconscionable conductBargaining powerWere the conditions imposed on the consumer reasonably necessary to protect the legitimate interests of the corporation? Was the consumer able tounderstand any of the documents used? Was any undue influence or pressure exerted on, or were any unfair tactics used against, the consumer? Was the measuring rod paid for the goods or services higher, or were the circumstances under which they could be acquired more onerous, when compared to the terms offered by other suppliers?Where a person uses inside information for their own or a related partys benefit and/or discloses inside information to somebody whom they ought to have foreseen may use the information inappropriately. Identifying whether the information has been disclosed in such a way that it is available to investors in relevant market Identifying whether a person who understands markets would buy or sell a security were they to know that information. A person who possesses inside information must not use it or disclose it, as such use or disclosure is what actually comprises insider trading. Competition and protecting markets for goods and servicesMergers and acquisitionIn many jurisdictions, regulations are in place that prohibit or limit mergers and acquisitions unless they are formally approved.Abuse of Market powerThe prohibition on convolute of market power is aimed at counteracting powerful entities from taking advantage of that market power for the purpose of disadvantaging weaker org Main principleMarket powerMisuse of that power (used that power to eliminate a competitor or prevent a competitor from entering or properly competing in the market). E.g. pre datory pricing, the supply of goods or services below cost over a period of time. It is prohibited because the likely real ambition is for the company to eliminate competitors who cannot sustain the ongoing losings of selling below cost. ACCCAgreements between competitors Cartel ConductTests1. Has there been a contract, agreement or understanding2. Has this occurred b/t competitors3. Is the arrangement for the purpose of connivanceCompetitor collusion has a specific term agreement, which including Output restrictionsApply restrictions on output what will cause shortages in markets and thus result in price rises Allocating customers, suppliers or territoriesDividing up markets, customers or regions b/t competitorsBid-riggingCompetitors who are asked to tender or bid for work colludePrice-fixingCompetitors collude to create common prices (parallel conduct and price-following are legal) Midland Brick case 4.36 Both company and a seinor manager are order to pay civil penalties .Intern ational airline pricing cartelUnilateral restrictions on supply (exclusive dealing)A single corporation decides to deal only with certain customers or geographic regions. This type of conduct is generally permitted, but prohibitions may exist if it is shown to lessen competition substantially. 3 characteristics that appliedIt is not cartel conduct.The unilateral refusal to deal will be unlawful if there is a substantial lessening of competition in a market. Third-line forcing a supplier forces a customer to also purchase another item from a third-party. Case Ku-ring0gai Cooperative building society ltd (1978) 36 FLR An attempt by a building society to force a would-be borrower to take out mortgage insurance with a nominated insurer was in breach of the law.Resale price maintenanceA supplier stipulates that the goods it provides must only be resold at orabove a certain minimum price. Two testsHas the supplier specified a minimum price?Has the supplier taken action or attempted to enf orce this minimum price? If a reseller sell the product below cost, it is legal for supplier to withhold supply in order to prevent the reseller from losing leading with a suppliers products. Proof, penalties and redress Criminal and civilCriminal penalties v Civil penaltiesCriminal cases are always carried out by agencies of the state and never by individuals or corporations. Any aggrieved party can bring an action for a civil case.For civil case, the standard applied is a proof based on the balance of probabilities rather than proof beyond reasonable doubt as in criminal cases Neither parties will be punished by jail or fines in a civil case, as these apply only in criminal cases. The court may confront damages to the injured party may apply injections and make other orders such as rescission of contracts in civil cases. Even third party dropped the case, ACCC can still proceed against wrongdoers on civil or criminal grounds.Redress and penalties for anti-competitive breachesRed ress is the ways in which wrongdoers can be required to correct the harm they have caused. Penalties are different from remedies as they are meant to punish a wrongdoer, thus, penalties goes beyond simply redressing wrongs. In Aus, criminal breach of cartel nutriment may lead to individuals being fined hundreds of thousands of dollars, and up to 10 years jail. Fines for corporations can be as high as $10 million.M5CSR REPORTWhy necessitate to provide specific information about CSR-related information (Voluntary process)Ethically motivation (Accountability-based) Organization owns an accountability to various stakeholders Driven by concerns that stakeholders rights to know are being fulfilledEnlightened self-interest (managerial-based) Economically focused motive to use social and environmental reporting to protect or enhance shareholder valueThe reason an entity choose to report will in turn inform the decision as to whom it will be directedWill seek to send the information need s of a wider range of stakeholders who might be most impacted by the operations of the entityThe target recipients of reports will in turn inform what information will be disclosed and what issue the social and environmental reporting should report Information to demonstrate accountability for those aspects of the operations for which they are deemed to be accountable, such disclosures would arguably be more objective Normative theory prescriptions or shoulds, ideals Such disclosures will lead to community support and potentially positive financial implications Stakeholders who are regarded as more important or with more influence will attract additional effort and attention from managers (reporting information to inform the powerful stakeholders) (details in 5.23) Limitations of traditional financial reportingAustralias current conceptual framework (AASB framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements) Embrace a shareholder primacy perspective with a narrow notion of accountabilityThe practice of discounting prox cash flowsEncourage us to shift problems of an environmental nature onto future generations. If we discount future obligations, then, in the current period,they may not be considered to be materialDefinition of the elements of FRAsset (must be controlled by the entity)The practice session of assets which are not controlled by the entity will not be recognized as expenses (usage of public goods which are not exchanged in market transactions) Expensesestablish on the definition of asset, use of dandy air and water will not be recognized as expenses unless fines are imposed.ExamplesRetrenchments in response to the globular financial crisis (did not count the expenses of people who lose their jobs) Reserve Bank of Australia increase the interest rate in 2010 to increase profit (did not count the plight of those people who lose their homes) Just-in-time approachIncrease the traffic congestion, and pollutionResultsEnvironmental cost is borne by the community.Provides a disincentive for investment in clean technologies.Issues of reliable measurement and probabilityEnvironmental cost can not been measure as normal liability since because of the probability issue Many companies used the issue of measurability in number of situations as a rationale for non-disclosure, for provisions.Thus, the related parties would not know the true extent of the organisations environment-related obligations.The entity assumptionRequire the entity to be treated as an entity distinct from its owners, other org and other stakeholders. Externalities caused by reporting entities will typically be ignored Performance measures are incomplete from a broader societal perspective.Key point of import reports (Module 5)Legitimacy Theory (BHP WESTPAC)An organization will take action to manage community perceptions in order to proceed Try and convince stakeholders that it is acting with an acceptable level of ethical and moral conviction w hilst pursuing its main objective Legitimacy itself is considered to be a resourcefulness on which an org is dependent for survival The theory relies on the notion that there is a social contract b/t the org and the society in which it operates Org must appear to consider the rights of the public at large, not merely those of its investors Legitimacy is assumed to be influenced by community perceptions (which can be influenced by disclosures of information), and not simply by (undisclosed) changes in corporate actions Org will be penalized if they do not operate in a manner consistent with community expectations clash the expectations of the community can protect or enhance profitability CSR report could be a central strategy to maintaining corporate authenticityBCA report about the regulation of CSR reportIn favor of no regulation needed for CSR reportAll drivers analysis by the BCA are tied to maximizing the value of business The motivation are tied to managerial reasoning rathe r than border ethical considerations Suggest freely operating markets will lead to the effect of many existing social and environmental problemsPJCCFS 2006 the final report regarding the CSR in 2006Adopted the same position as that promoted by BCAIn favor of not supporting the introduction of legislationWith an interpretation of current legislation, the enlightened self-interest is the best way forward for Australian corporationsThe Brundtland ReportEmpirical evidence consistent with legitimacy theoryPatten (1992if the Alaskan oil spill resulted in a threat to the legitimacy of the petroleum patience, and not just Exxons, then legitimacy theory would suggest that companies operating within that industry would respond by increasing the amount of environmental disclosures by the petroleumcompanies for the post 1989 periods, consistent with a legitimization perspective. This disclosure reaction actually took place across the oil industry Deegan and Rankin (1996) Australia studyPublic disclosure of proven environmental prosecutions has an impact on the disclosure policies of the firms involved Deegan, Rankin & Tobin (2002)Positive correlations b/t negative media attention for certain social and environmental issues and the volume of disclosures on these issues Islam and Deegan (2010)For industry-related social and environmental issues attracting the greatest amount of negative media attention, corporations react by providing positive social and environmental disclosuresCurrent regulations for CSR ReportingNational Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (NGER Act)Who are regulateUltimate Australian holding company of a corporate group is required to apply if its exceeds one or more of the four thresholds (5.42) What need to be reportedGreenhouse gas emissionsEnergy productionEnergy consumptionOther info specified under NGER legislationRequirements embodied within the Corporations Act and accounting standards S 299(1)(f) of the Corporations ActRequires that in t he directors report, which must be included in the annual report, directors must give details of the entitys performance in relation to environmental regulations if the entitys operations are subject to any particular and significant environmental regulation under a law of the area or of a State or Territory S 299 A of the Corporations ActListed companies are required to include in the directors report any information that shareholders would reasonably required. (operations, financial position, and business strategies and prospects for future financial years) However, no specific requirement to disclose financialimpacts. Obligations relating to environmental performance could be considered to be included in either provisions or contingent liabilities, depending on the circumstances. However, many entities choose not to disclose such information due to the probability and reliable measurement issues. Contamination to land caused by the construction of particular plant shall be inclu ded as part of the total cost of the property, plant and equipment, with an equivalent amount being included in the liability provisions of the entity National Pollutant InventoryDesigned to generate political and economic incentives for industry to move towards cleaner productions Requires industrial facilities operating in Australia to estimate emissions of 93 substances exceeding a specified threshold amountEnergy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2006Encourages large energy-using businesses to improve their energy efficiency by requiring business to identify, evaluate and report publicly on cost-effective energy savings opp

Media Worksheet

What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th speed of light? During the 1900s magazines along with newspapers became the leading literature for media. When the 1940s turn around radio was invented and became the new way to get in touch with the masses. Folks often tuned into to get the news on what was going on during the war. redden though radio was new there was still a high claim for the newspaper as a way to get and stay conscious on different things.Then in the1950s television became the new source for information and resources for mass media. Television was everything all(prenominal) rolled up into one and the good deal loved it. In 1962 technology grew and they came up with the Satellites which gave the masses or the American Culture access to news all around the world. Today we can all just see how farthest technology has came and how endless the possibilities may be for the future. There are many forms of communication and it just co ntinues to grow and communication has fetch almost instant these days.There is a never ending demand for more speed, more apps and new computers with high performance and so many other slipway to communicate and relay information to the masses. People want instant answers to their questions and concerns and mass media makes it happen for the people. Technology only seems to grow more and more as the demand for new ways to communicate grow with it. There is always the next best thing right after the next best thing to hand and buy in way of, phones, computers, and I-pads for social networks and so on.How did each development influence American last? Mass media has developed strongly over the yesteryear years. The development of mass media has had a big influence on the American culture in many ways. It seems today, that mass media has endless possibilities to reach people. Initially in American culture we only communicated orally. In the past people depended on teachers and stor y tellers to obtain knowledge. One of the beginning developments in mass media was the ability to print.As far back as the 1400s there were books in the starting stages of becoming available to people the mass media audience. Then we had the development of the Telegraph as a way of communication that was instant, and it did away with the need to transport written information. The creation of the telegraph opened the doors to cell phones, radio and fax machines. In the Twentieth century we entered the phase of electronics. This new age of information brought television to the American culture and lead to other resources like satellite and computers.Then we moved into the digital phase which gave a wealth of power to a common person. So as we can see mass media has had a profound affect on American culture in ways we film evolved in communication. No longer relying on one certain source to gain knowledge or information, we now have many avenues of media and communication that are ins tant and available and will only continue to become better, which allows the American culture to stay in touch, get informed, and garter them better and faster with communication and recourses.

Child abandoment Essay

Many babies are discontinueed by parents who avoid their responsibilities. It could be have real serious problems, but it is irresponsible behavior. In addition, some parents abandon the babies outside. It is cruel behavior. We should not ignore this problem. There are three solutions controlling illegal abandonment, allowing spontaneous abortion legally, and educating people to use contraception.Controlling illegal abandonment is a good way to prevent babies from universe abandoned. The police should catch and punish the parents who abandon their babies. Because it is the same as murder. So it has to be strictly controlled. However, its hard to find and catch the parents because they abandon babies secretly. Therefore, the presidential term should set cameras that track everything everywhere, and warn people that if they abandon their babies, they will be punished intensely.Allowing abortion legally can prevent babies from being abandoned. There are some countries in which abo rtion is illegal. So the women who postulate abortion decide to do dangerous illegal abortion or abandon the babies. So the government should allow abortion. Nevertheless, some people will resist if the government allows abortion. In this case, the government should persuade women to make their own decisions about their bodies.Education people to use contraception is the best way to prevent babies from being abandoned. Many people dont know how important contraception is. So the government should educate people to do contraception to prevent unsuitable babies. However, some people ignore or dont believe this kind of education. Thus, the government should educate people since they are children.In conclusion, we can enterprise some solutions to prevent babies from being abandoned even though it is not easy. The government should set cameras that track everything, and warn people to control illegal abandonment. And the government should allow abortion legally and persuade people wh o disagree of abortion. Also, the government should educate people since they are children to learn how important contraception is.

Ir and Globalization

Ir and globalization CONENT Introduction Body 1. What is globalisation and how it is associate with the transnational Relations 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the globalization 3. Effectiveness of the globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my run short I guggle nearly the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did fall oer and rivet on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show. After hammering out the two factors I wrote about de facto military capability of the Globalization and at the end I maintaind my estimation and conclusion. foreign Relation and Globalization As more(prenominal) nations, nation, and enculturations adapt to the ever changing internationalistic community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the take and wants of nations. treat can be exerted in many forms through peace talks, written const itutions, field experiences, and so forth polish is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However, globalization and international dealing ingest constantly altered culture both positivistly and negatively.Globalization increases piecewide technology, and the readability of fast, effective talk and white plague of protrudeular products. Globalization links cultures and international dealing on a variety of levels sparings, politically, socially, etc. external relations admit utilise globalization to reach its goal of understanding cultures. International relations commission on how countries, people and organizations interact and globalization is making a profound effect on International relations. Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for the future of not nly organizations, people, and businesses, but for the survival of the benevolent race. In todays increasingly interdependent and turbulent human, many of t he leading issues in the parole business concern international affairs. Whether it is the continuing impact of globalization, Globalization the mathematical process of continuing integration of the countries in the world is powerfully underway in all parts of the globe. It is a complex interconnection between capital of the United Statesism and democracy, which involves positive and negative features, that both empowers and disempowers individuals and groups.From the other hand Globalization is a popular term used by governments, business, academic and a range of diverse non-governmental organizations. It also, however, signifies a new paradigm within world regime and economic relations. While national governments for many years dictated the international political and economic scene, international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World treat geological formation pee now become significant role players. In this Global Village nation al governments have bemused some of their importance and perhaps their powers in favour of these major international organizations.As a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by the International Trade and enthronement and aided by Information technology. This process on the environment on culture, on political system, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages. The Advantages include GDP Increase statistics shows that GDP in growth countries has increased twice as much as before.Unemployment is reduced. Education has increased. Competition on even broadcast The Companies all around the world are competing on a single global programme which allows get around options o consumers. It increased fee trade betwe en nations The Corporations have greater flexibility to form crossways borders. Global mass media ties the world together. Increased be given of communications allows vital information to be shared out between individuals and corporations around the world. It increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Spread of elected ideas to developed nations. Reduced ethnic barriers ncreases in the global village effect. The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven distribution of Wealth, Income respite Between Developed and Developing Countries, where the wealthof developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the exploitation world. Next disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries, which is explained by the following fat that the technology histrion may get more value for his work in a developed area than a worker in a developing country thus there are in the later(prenominal) many dynamic, industrious and enterprising people who ar e well educated and ready to work with rigor.The conk out of Globalization is also considered as a disadvantage which is explaining by future factors such as struggle that can be demand the reveal of the globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse. There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere. The holy terror that control of world media by a handful of corporations entrust limit cultural expression. And the last in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage.Effects of Globalization With the roster of the mentioned disadvantages and advantages Globalization culminates also effective facts. The following are considered the Effects of Globalization * enhancement in the information flow between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a independence of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad admission to a range of goods for consumers and companies * ecumenical takings markets emerge free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global environmental problems worry cross-boundary pollution, over seek on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans border data flow exploitation communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. * international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards employ globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a demote annoy to external finance * oecumenic financial markets emerge multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity returns due to hybridization or assimilation * international travel and tourism increases * worldwide white events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held * enhancement in worldwid e fads and pop culture * local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural dissemination takes come out * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease * capital controls reduce or vanquish * there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. , patents accredited by one country are recognized in another CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I would like to state m estimation that despite all the formidable obstacles and stumbling blocks the effectiveness of the Globalization and cohesive efforts of people and the government allow help to stand a positive stead prevail over the disadvantages. It will develop to prevent migration which is inherent in third-world and back water countries and reduce social inequality which in its disco biscuit will benefit the advantages of the Globalization. All these mentioned facts are time-consuming and labour-intensive process but it will intelligibly fortify and develop the Globalization.Ir and GlobalizationIr and globalization CONENT Introduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show. After hammering out the two factors I wrote about de facto effectiveness of the Globalization and at the end I stated my estimation and conclusion.Internat ional Relation and Globalization As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing international community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in many forms through peace talks, written constitutions, field experiences, etc. Culture is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However, globalization and international relations have constantly altered culture both positively and negatively.Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the readability of fast, effective communication and consumption of popular products. Globalization links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels economics, politically, socially, etc. International relations have used globalization to reach its goal of understanding cultures. International relations focus on how countries, people and organizations interact and globalization is making a profound effec t on International relations. Understanding culture, globalization, and international relations is critical for the future of not nly governments, people, and businesses, but for the survival of the human race. In todays increasingly interdependent and turbulent world, many of the leading issues in the news concern international affairs. Whether it is the continuing impact of globalization, Globalization the process of continuing integration of the countries in the world is strongly underway in all parts of the globe. It is a complex interconnection between capitalist economy and democracy, which involves positive and negative features, that both empowers and disempowers individuals and groups.From the other hand Globalization is a popular term used by governments, business, academic and a range of diverse non-governmental organizations. It also, however, signifies a new paradigm within world politics and economic relations. While national governments for many years dictated the i nternational political and economic scene, international organizations such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization have now become significant role players. In this Global Village national governments have lost some of their importance and perhaps their powers in favour of these major international organizations.As a process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by the International Trade and Investment and aided by Information technology. This process on the environment on culture, on political system, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Globalization has a range of advantages while it has also disadvantages. The Advantages include GDP Increase statistics shows that GDP in developing countries has increased twice as much as before.Unemployment is reduced. Education has increased. Competition on Even Platform The Companies all around the world are competing on a single global platform which allows better options o consumers. It increased fee trade between nations The Corporations have greater flexibility to operate across borders. Global mass media ties the world together. Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world. It increases in environmental protection in developed nations. Spread of democratic ideas to developed nations. Reduced cultural barriers ncreases in the global village effect. The Disadvantages are considered to be Uneven Distribution of Wealth, Income Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries, where the wealthof developed countries continues to grow twice as much as the developing world. Next disadvantage is Different Wage Standards for Developing Countries, which is explained by the following fat that the technology worke r may get more value for his work in a developed country than a worker in a developing country thus there are in the later many dynamic, industrious and enterprising people who are well educated and ready to work with rigor.The reveal of Globalization is also considered as a disadvantage which is explaining by future factors such as war that can be demand the reveal of the globalization and current process of globalization may just be impossible to reverse. There is also another aspect of disadvantage of globalization in media sphere. The threat that control of world media by a handful of corporations will limit cultural expression. And the final in my estimation is the chance of reactions for globalization being violent in an attempt to preserve cultural heritage.Effects of Globalization With the roster of the mentioned disadvantages and advantages Globalization culminates also effective facts. The following are considered the Effects of Globalization * enhancement in the informati on flow between geographically remote locations * the global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital * there is a broad access to a range of goods for consumers and companies * worldwide production markets emerge free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits * global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions * more trans border data flow using communication satellites, the Internet, wireless telephones, etc. * international criminal courts and international justice movements are launched * the standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements increase * corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance * worldwide financial markets emerge multiculturalism spreads as there is individual access to cultural diversity. This diversity decreases due to hybridization or assimilation * internation al travel and tourism increases * worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup are held * enhancement in worldwide fads and pop culture * local consumer products are exported to other countries * immigration between countries increases cross-cultural contacts grow and cultural diffusion takes place * there is an increase in the desire to use foreign ideas and products, adopt new practices and technologies and be a part of world culture * free trade zones are formed having less or no tariffs * due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced * subsidies for local businesses decrease * capital controls reduce or vanquish * there is supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions, i. e. , patents authorized by one country are recognized in another CONCLUSIONIn conclusion I would like to state m estimation that despite all the formidable obstacles and stumbling blocks the effectiveness of the Globa lization and cohesive efforts of people and the government will help to stand a positive stead prevail over the disadvantages. It will fortify to prevent migration which is inherent in third-world and back water countries and reduce social inequality which in its turn will benefit the advantages of the Globalization. All these mentioned facts are time-consuming and labour-intensive process but it will distinctly fortify and develop the Globalization.